The thermogravimetric analysis of wool treated with a number of flame retardants has revealed that the retardants can be divided into two groups: those that retard the rate of mass loss on heating, and those (compounds of zirconium, titanium, tin, tungsten, and chromium) that enhance the rate of decomposition of the wool at temperatures where disintegration of the protein chains occur. Data were obtained on two different instruments, and while the results are in good qualitative agreement, it is emphasized that great care should be taken before quantitative comparisons of results from different instruments are undertaken.
BenisekL., Improvement of the Natural Flame-Resistance of Wool. Part I: Metal-Complex Applications, J. Textile Inst.65, 102–108 (1974).
4.
BenisekL., Use of Titanium Complexes to Improve the Natural Flame Retardancy of Wool, J. Soc. Dyers Colour.87, 277–278 (1971).
5.
BlumenthalW. B., “The Chemical Behavior of Zirconium,”D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, New Jersey, 1958, p. 177.
6.
Carroll-PorczynskiC. Z., Applications of Simultaneous DTA/TGA and DTA/MS Analysis for Predicting the Flammability of Composite Textile Fabrics and Polymers, Composites4, 9–15 (1973).
7.
CrightonJ. S.HappeyF., Differential Thermal Analysis of Keratin and Related Protein Fibres, “Symposium on Fibrous Proteins Australia 1967,” ed. CrewtherW. G., Butterworths, Sydney, Australia, 1968, pp. 409–420.
8.
CrightonJ. S.FindonW. M.HappeyF., Application of Thermoanalytical Methods in the Study of Keratin and Related Proteins, Appl. Polym. Symp., No. 18, 847–856 (1971).
9.
FelixW. D.McDowallM. A.EyringH., The Differential Thermal Analysis of Natural and Modified Wool and Mohair, Textile Res. J.33, 465–471 (1963).
10.
FergussonJ. E., Halide Chemistry of Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten, in “Halogen Chemistry,”Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1967, pp. 227–302.
11.
GordonP. G., The Composition of Fluorozirconates and Fluorotitanates on Wool, J. Textile Inst.66, 97–102 (1975).
12.
GordonP. G.RobertsG. A., The Reaction of Wool with Potassium Hexafluorozirconate, Textile Res. J.44, 414–421 (1974).
13.
GordonP. G.StephensL. J., The Treatment of Wool with Hexafluorotitanate, J. Soc. Dyers Colour.90, 239–245 (1974).
14.
HendrixJ. E.AndersonT. K.ClaytonT. J.OlsonE. S.BarkerR. H., Flammability Measurements and Thermal Decomposition of Textiles, J. Fire Flam.1, 107–139 (1970).
15.
InghamP. E., The Pyrolysis of Wool and the Action of Flame Retardants, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.15, 3025–3041 (1971).
PandeA., Differential Thermal Analysis and Its Applications. Part IV. Application of DTA in Cellulosic, Synthetic and Protein Fibres, Lab. Pract.11, 1048–1051 (1965).
21.
PittsJ. J., Antimony Halogen Synergistic Reactions in Fire Retardants, J. Fire Flam.3, 51–84 (1972).
22.
ReichL.LeviD. W., Dynamic Thermogravimetric Analysis in Polymer Degradation, in “Macromolecular Reviews,”Vol. 1. Interscience, New York, 1967 pp. 173–275.
23.
SchwenkerR. F.Jr.BeckL. R.Jr.ZuccarelloR. K., Applications of Differential Thermal Analysis and Dynamic Thermogravimetric Analysis in Textile Research, Amer. Dyest. Reptr.53, 817–827 (1964).
