Thermomechanical properties of thermoplastically bonded nonwovens are studied in an exploratory series of experiments. Particular attention is given to the post-bonding temperature conditions, as well as bonding temperatures, pressures, times, and concentrations of the lower melting polymer (i.e. the binder fiber). Discussion of results centers around the potential morphological aspects of the various treatments, comparing mechanical responses of the nonwoven webs to the expectations for various morphological configurations.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdamsonA. W.LingI., The Status of Contact Angle as a Thermodynamic Property, Advances in Chem. Series43, 1–51 (1964).
2.
BeckH. N.LedbetterH. D., DTA Study of Heterogeneous Nucleation of Crystallization in Polypropylene, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.9, 2131–2142 (1965).
3.
BikermanJ. J., “The Science of Adhesive Joints,”Academic Press, New York, N. Y., 1968.
4.
BikermanJ. J., Theory of Peeling Through a Hookean Solid, J. Appl. Phys.28, 1484–1485 (1957).
5.
BikermanJ. J., Effect of Impurities on Polyethylene Adhesion, J. Appl. Chem.11, 81–85 (1961).
6.
BinsbergenF. L., Heterogeneous Nucleation in Crystallization of Polyethylene, J. Polym. Sci.31, 415–421 (1958).
7.
BlaisP.CarlssonD. J.WilesD. M., Effects of Corona Treatment on Composite Formation. Adhesion between Incompatible Polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.15, 129–143 (1971).
8.
BohnL., Incompatibility and Phase Formation in Solid Polymer Mixtures and Graft and Block Copolymers, Rubber Chem. Technol.41, 495–513 (1968).
9.
BoltonJ. E., Nonwovens Defined—Divided into 7 Categories, Mod. Text.50 (1) 93–98 (1969).
10.
BowkerA. H.LiebermanG. J., “Engineering Statistics,”Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1972.
11.
DerjaguinB. V.SmilgaV. P., Proc. Third Intern. Congr. of Surface Activity, Cologne, W. Germany, Sec. B2, 349 (1960).
12.
DettreR. H.JohnsonR. E., Surface Properties of Polymers I: The Surface Tensions of Some Molten Polyethylenes, J. Colloid Sci.21, 367–377 (1966).
13.
EricsonC. W., “Bonding in Spunbonded Nonwovens,” Seminar presented at Textile Research Institute, Princeton, N. J., February 21, 1974.
14.
EricsonC. W.BaxterJ. F., Spunbonded Nonwoven Fabric Studies. I: Characterization of Filament Arrangement in the Web, Textile Res. J.43, 371–378 (1973).
FreestonW. D.PlattM. M., Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Materials. Part XVI: Bending Rigidity of Nonwoven Fabrics, Textile Res. J.35, 48–57 (1965).
17.
GoodR. J., Theory of “Cohesive” vs. “Adhesive” Separation in an Adhering System, J. Adhesion4, 133–154 (1972).
18.
GorchakovaV. M.UstinovaE. T.VoyutskiiS. S., Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Bonded Nonwoven Materials of the Nature, Diameter, and Length of the Fibers in the Lap, Tekhnol. Legkoi Prom. No. 5, 20–24 (1968).
19.
GorchakovaV. M.ShmelevaG. A.VoyutskiiS. S., Effects of the Nature of the Impregnating Polymer on Physical/Mechanical Properties on Nonwoven Bonded Fabrics, Tekhnol. Legkoi Prom. No. 1, 50–54 (1969).
20.
GuthrellR. E., Environment-Influenced Surface Layer in Polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.11, 1495–1507 (1967).
21.
HearleJ. W. S.MichieR. J. C.StevensonP. J., Nonwoven Fabric Studies. Part V: The Dependence of Fabric Stiffness and Drape on the Properties of the Constituent Fiber and Binder, Textile Res. J.34, 275–28 (1964).
22.
HearleJ. W. S.NewtonA., Nonwoven Fabric Studies. Part XIII: The Influence of the Binder on the Tensile Properties of Nonwovens, Textile Res. J.37, 495–503 (1967).
23.
HearleJ. W. S.NewtonA., Nonwoven Fabric Studies. Part XVI: The Behavior of Model Systems of Bonded Fibers, Textile Res. J.38, 488–496 (1968).
24.
HuntsbergerJ. R., in “Treatise on Adhesion and Adhesives,”Vol. 1, (PatrickR. L., Ed.,) Dekker, New York, 1965, p. 119.
25.
IyengarY.EricksonD. E., Role of Adhesive-Substrate Compatibility in Adhesion, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.11, 2311–2324 (1967).
26.
JenckelE.TeegeE.HinrichsW., Transkristallisation in hochmolekularen Stoffen, Kolloid-Z.129, 19–24 (1952).
27.
KaebleD. H., Theory and Analysis of Peel Adhesion: Rate-Temperature Dependence of Viscoelastic Interlayers, J. Colloid and Interface Sci.19, 413–424 (1964).
28.
KeithH. D.PaddenF. J., Spherulitic Crystallization from the Melt. I: Fractionation and Impurity Segregation and Their Influence on Crystalline Morphology, J. Appl. Phys.35, 1270–1285 (1964).
29.
KeithH. D.PaddenF. J.Jr., Ringed Spherulites in Polyethylene, J. Polym. Sci.31, 415–421 (1958).
30.
KellerA., Unusual Orientation Phenomena in Polyethylene Interpreted in Terms of the Morphology, J. Polym. Sci.15, 31–49 (1955).
31.
LevineM.IlkkaG.WeissP., Relation of the Critical Surface Tension of Polymers to Adhesion. J. Polym. Sci. Poly. Lett.B2, 915–919 (1964).
32.
LindenmyerP. H.PetersonJ. M., “Molecular Fractionation at Polymer Surfaces,” Paper presented at Fiber Society Meeting, Princeton, N. J., May 3, 1973.
33.
MaxwellB., Morphological Foundations of Plastics Processing, J. Polym. Sci.C9, 43–60 (1965).
34.
MichieR. I. C.StevensonP. J., Nonwoven Fabric Studies. Part VII: The Effect of Stretching on the Mechanical Properties of Nonwoven Fabrics, Textile Res. J.36, 494–501 (1966).
35.
MichieR. I. C., Nonwoven Fabric Studies. Part VIII: The Influence of Bonding Agent on the Properties of Viscose Fabrics, Textile Res. J.36, 501–505 (1966).
NakaoK., Relationship Between Bond Strength and Crystallinity of High Polymers—Polyethylene, Poly(ethylene terephthlate), and Nylon, J. Adhesion4, 95–108 (1972).
38.
NielsenL. E., “Mechanical Properties of Polymers,”Reinhold Pub. Co., New York, 1962.
39.
OszanlavV., Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Manchester, 1971.
40.
OwensD. K., Estimation of Surface Free Energy of Polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.13, 1741–1747 (1969).
41.
PatelJ.PhillipsP. J., The Young‘s Modulus of Polyethylene, J. Polym. Sci. Poly. Lett.11, 771–776 (1973).
42.
PettersonD. R.BackerS., Relationships between the Structural Geometry of a Fabric and its Physical Properties. Part VII: Mechanics of Nonwovens: Orthotropic Behavior, Textile Res. J.33, 809–816 (1963).
43.
RedingF. P.WalterE. R., An Electron Microscope Study of the Growth and Structure of Spherulites in Polyethylene, J. Polym. Sci.38, 141–155 (1959).
44.
RossS. E., Nonwovens—An Overview, Chemtech2, 535–539 (1972).
45.
SchonbornH.RyanF. W., Effect of Polymer Surface Morphology on Adhesion and Adhesive Joint Strength. II: FEP Teflon and Nylon 6, J. Polym. Sci.A2 7, 105–111 (1969).
46.
SchonhornH., Transcrystalline Growth at a Polymer-Metal Interface, J. Polym Sci. Poly. Lett.B2, 465–467 (1964).
47.
SchonhornH., A.C.S. Abstracts, Chicago Meeting, September 1967.
48.
SchonhornH., Heterogeneous Nucleation of Polymer Melts on High-Energy Surfaces. II: Effect of Substrate on Morphology and Wettability, Macromolecules1, 145–151 (1968).
49.
SchonhornH., Heterogeneous Nucleation of Polymer Melts on Surfaces. I: Influence of Substrates on Wettability, J. Polym. Sci. Poly. Lett.B5, 919–924 (1967).
50.
SchonhornH.RyanF. W., Wettability of Polyethylene Single Crystal Aggregates, J. Phys. Chem.70, 3811–3815 (1966).
51.
SchonhornH.FrischH. L.KwelT. K., Kinetics of Wetting of Surfaces by Polymer Melts, J. Appl. Phys.37, 4967–4973 (1966).
52.
SchonhornH.HansenR. H., Surface Treatment of Polymers. H: Effectiveness of Fluorination as a Surface Treatment for Polyethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.12, 1231–1237 (1968).
53.
SchonhornH., “Polymer Surfaces and Adhesion,” Seminar presented at Textile Research Institute, Princeton, N. J., April 23, 1974.
54.
SharpeL. H.SchonhornJ., Surface Energetics, Adhesion, and Adhesive Joints, Advances in Chem. Series43, 189–201 (1964).
55.
ShimallaC. J., “Mechanical Behavior and Bonding in Nonwovens,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J., 1974.
56.
StarkweatherH. W.Jr., SPE Trans.5, 5 (1965).
57.
TikhomirovV. B.ChupryninaO. I.OvchinnikovaS. A., The Relation between Adhesion and the Strength of Chemically Bonded Non-woven Materials, Technol. Text. Industry U.S.S.R., No. 5, 22–25 (1969).
58.
TordellaJ. P., Effects of Thermal History on the Peel Strength of Linear Polyethylene, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.14, 1627–1638 (1970).
59.
TukeyJ. W., “Allowances for Various Types of Error Rate,” Joint Meeting, Inst. Math. Stat. and Eastern N. Amer. Region, Biometric Soc., March 19, 1952, Blacksburg, Va.
60.
VoyutskiiS. S.VakulaV. L., The Role of Diffusion Phenomena in Polymer-to-Polymer Adhesion, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.7, 475–491 (1963).
61.
WinchesterS. C.Jr., “Multivariable Studies of Nonwoven Fabrics,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Textile Research Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J., 1965.
62.
ZismanW. A., Relation of Equilibrium Contact Angle to Liquid and Solid Constitution, Advances in Chem. Series43, 1–51 (1964).
