Sulfonated 2-pyrazolines containing two, three, and four phenyl groups have been synthesized and examined as fluorescent whitening agents for wool. Although the photostability of these whiteners increases as the number of phenyl substituents is increased, the rate of photoyellowing of wool containing these whiteners has been found to be independent of the whitener used. The rate of photoyellowing of wool treated with the diaryl-2-pyrazoline (Ha) increases with increasing whitener concentration up to 0.4% owf and then remains constant up to a concentration of 1.6% owf—the highest level studied.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
. BendakA., Some Novel Aspects on the Photochemistry of Wool. III. Finishing Treatments of Wool to Inhibit Sunlight Yellowing, Kolor Ert.15, 242–253 (1973).
2.
. EvansN. A.RivettD. E.WilshireJ. F. K., The Chemical and Photochemical Properties of Some 1,3-Diphenyl-2-Pyrazolines, Aust. J. Chem.27, 2267–2272 (1974).
3.
. FallawD. C.TuckerD. J., Optical Brightening Agents on Wool, Textile J. Aust.40(8), 46, 48 (1965).
. GordonP. G.StephensL. J., The Treatment of Wool with Hexafluorotitanate, J. Soc. Dyers Colour.90, 239–245 (1974).
6.
. GrahamD. R.StathamK. W., The Photochemical Oxidation of Wool in the Presence of Fluorescent Compounds, J. Soc. Dyers Colour.72, 434–438 (1956).
7.
. HoltL. A.MilliganB., Fluorescent Whitening Agents II. Covalent Binding to Proteins During Irradiation by Sunlight, Aust. J. Biol. Sci.27, 23–29 (1974).
8.
. HuisgenR.SeidelM.WallbillichG.KnupferH., Diphenyl-nitrilimin und Seine 1,3-Dipolaren Additionen an Alkene und Alkine, Tetrahedron17, 3–29 (1962).
9.
. LeaverI. H.RamsayG. C., Studies in Wool Yellowing. Part XXVII: The Role of Water in the Photoyellowing of Fluorescent-Brightened Wool, Textile Res. J.39, 730–733 (1969).
10.
. LeaverI. H.RivettD. E., Structural and Solvent Effects on the Fluorescence of 1,3-Diphenyl-2-Pyrazolines, Mol. Photochem.6, 113–123 (1974).
11.
. LennoxF. G.KingM. G.LeaverI. H.RamsayG. C.SavigeW. E., Mechanism, Prevention, and Correction of Wool Photo-Yellowing, Appl. Polym. Symp. No. 18, 353–369 (1971).
12.
. MelhuishW. H., Quantum Efficiencies of Fluorescence of Organic Substances: Effect of Solvent and Concentration of the Fluorescent Solute, J. Phys. Chem.65, 229–235 (1961).
13.
. MilliganB.HoltL. A., Fluorescent Whitening Agents I. Bis-4,4′-(4′-methoxy-6′-phenoxy-s-triazin-2′-ylamino)-stilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid: Its Photodecomposition in Solution and on Wool, Aust. J. Chem.27, 195–203 (1974).
14.
. NichollsC. H., The Yellowing of Wool, Wool Sci. Rev.20, 35–44 (1961).
