The influences of growth environment on gross and fine structures, mechanical properties, and responses to chemical treatments were determined from cotton fibers of Rex and Texas Marker-1 varieties grown under ranges of controlled environment. Cell walls of fibers composed of cellulose deposited at constant and varying temperatures were found to differ in many of their properties. The cell wall thickens more slowly at lower than at higher temperatures and the walls are thinner even though the wall development periods are longer. Properties of fibers indicate that cellulose from the low-temperature environment is less compact and more responsive to chemical reagents than from the high temperatures. The fibers from low temperatures are weaker and more extensible. Relationships between cell wall thickness, fine structure, mechanical properties and chemical reactivities are illustrated.
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.: (a) D-629 T-60 Moisture regain: (b) D-1442-60, Maturity of cotton fibers: (c) D-1445-67 Breaking strength and elongation: (d) 1769-60 Linear density.
2.
Anderson, D.B. and Moore, J.H., The Influence of Constant Light and Temperature upon the Structure of the Wall of Cotton Fibers and Collenchymatous Cells , Amer. J. Bot.24, 503-507 (1937).
3.
Balls, W.L., The Existence of Daily Growth-rings in Cell Wall of Cotton Hairs, Proc. Royal Soc.B90, 542-557 . (1919 ).
4.
Berriman, L.P. , The Role of Growth Rings in Cotton Fiber Properties , Textile Res. J.36, 272-279 (1966).
5.
Betrabet, S.M. , Plant Cell Wall Structure with Special Reference to Cotton Fibre, J. Sci. Ind. Res.26, 201-208 (1967).
6.
Betrabet, S.M. , Pillay, K.P.R. and Iyengar , R.L.N., Birefringence andStructural Reversals in Relation to Mechanical Properties, Textile Res. J.33. 720-727 (1963).
7.
Creely, J.J. , Segal, L., and Ziifle, H.M., Determination of the Degree of Crystallite Orientation in Cotton Fibers by Means of the X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer , Textile Res. J.26, 789-795 (1956).
8.
Dlugosz, J., The Fine Structure of Cotton Fibre as Revealed by Swelling During Methyl Methacrylate Embedding, Polymer6, 427-436 (1965).
9.
Dolmetsch, H.H. and Dolmetsch, H., The Fibrillar "Bundling" of Cellulose Molecules in Cotton, Textile Res. J.39, 568-584 (1969).
10.
DuPré, M., Permanent Set in Cotton and the Physical Mechanisms of Wrinkle Resistance, Textile Res. J.29, 151-155 (1959).
11.
Egle, C.J., Jr. and Grant, J.N., Interrelations of Structure and Physical Properties of Untreated Cottons, Textile Res. J.40, 158-168 (1970).
12.
Farr, W.K., The Microscopic Structure of Plant Cell Membranes, J. Phys. Chem.42, 1113-1123 (1938).
13.
Fransen, T. and Verschraege, L., Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Occurrence Frequency of Reversals Within Varieties, Ann. Sci. Textile Belges No. 3, 40-57 (Sept. 1967 ) .
14.
Gipson, J., and Joham, H.E., Influence of Night Temperature on Growth and Development of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). I, Fruiting and Boll Development, Agron. J.60, 292-295 (1968).
15.
Grant, J.N. , deGruy, I.V., Egle, C.J., Jr., and Hassenboehler , C.B., Jr., Some New Concepts in the Structure of Cotton Fibers. Proceedings Sixth Cotton Utilization Conference, ARS 72-52 (1966), New Orleans, La., April 20-22, 1966, pp. 23-25.
16.
Grant, J.N. , Orr, R.S., and Powell, R.D., CottonFiber Structure and Physical Properties Altered by Environment, Textile Res. J.36, 432-440 (1966).
17.
Hearle, J.W.S. , The Fine Structure of Fibers and Crystalline Polymers. I. Fringed Fibril Structure. J. Appl. Polymer Sci.7, 1175-1192 (1963).
18.
Hebert, J.J. , Giardina, R., Mitcham, D., and Rollins, M.L., The Effects of Convolutions on Orientation Measurements in Cotton Fibers, Textile Res. J.40, 128-129 (1970).
19.
Honold, E. and Grant, J.N., Cotton Character Test, Textile Ind.133, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 116 (Jan. 1969).
20.
Isings, J., The Influences of Stress and Deformation on the Structure of the Cotton Fiber , Textile Res. J.34, 236-246 (1964).
21.
Kerr, T., The Structure of the Growth Rings in the Secondary Wall of the Cotton Hair , Protoplasma27, 229-241 (1937).
22.
Nelson, M.L., Composition and Fine Structure of Cotton Fibers Grown in Controlled Environments , Proc. Eighth Cotton Utilization Research Conference , New Orleans,, La., May 1-3, 1968.
23.
Orr, R.S., Burgis, A.W., DeLuca, L.B., and Grant, J.N., The Role of Spiral Structure in Untreated and Treated Cottons, Textile Res. J.31, 302-310 (1961).
24.
Orr, R.S., DeLuca, L.B., Burgis, A.W., and Grant, J.N., Fiber Structure and Mechanical Properties of Untreated and Modified Cottons , Textile Res. J.29, 114-150 (1959).
25.
Orr, R.S., Weiss, L.C., Moore, H.B., and Grant, J.N., Density of Modified Cottons Determined with a Gradient Column, Textile Res. J.25, 592-600 (1955).
26.
Powell, R.D., Effect of Temperature on Boll Set and Development of Gossypium hirsutum, Cotton Growers Rev.46, 29-36 (1969).
27.
Rollins, M.L. , Photomicrographic Comparison of Milk-weed and Cotton Lint in Relation to Cell Wall Structures of Other Natural Cellulosic Fibers, Botan. Gaz. 108, 495-510 (1947).
28.
Rowland, S.P. , and Pittman, P.F., Relative Reactivities of Cotton Celluloses: Formylation, Textile Res. J.35, 421-427 (1965).
29.
Segal, L., Creely, J.J.Martin, A.E., Jr., and Conrad, C.M. , An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-ray Diffractometer, Textile Res. J.29, 786-794 (1959).
30.
Tripp, V.W. and Giuffria, R., Concentric Cellulose Layers in Cotton Fiber Cell Wall, Textile Res. J.24, 757-758 (1954).
31.
Tripp, V.W. , Moore, A.T., and Rollins, M.L., SomeObservations on the Constitution of the Primary Wall of the Cotton Fiber, Textile Res. J.21, 886-894 (1951).
32.
Tripp, V.W. , Orr, R.S., Ziifle, H.M., and Conrad, C., M., SomeRelationships Between Supermolecular Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Native and Modified Cotton Cellulose, Textile Res. J.28, 404-416 (1958).
33.
Wakeham, H. , and Spicer, N., The Strength andWeakness of Cotton Fibers, Textile Res. J.21, 187-194 (1951).
34.
Wergin, W., External Influences on the Structure of the Secondary Wall of Cotton Hair , Planta. Arc. Wiss. Bot.33, 600-614 (1943).
