Compact spinning has emerged as a contemporary spinning technology that has garnered significant attention due to its capacity to produce yarns with excellent properties. The strategy is a variation of conventional ring spinning that seeks to get rid of the spinning triangle while improving the uniformity, strength, and hairiness of the yarn. In compact spinning, fiber condensation is achieved by negative pressure airflow, which compresses the fibers and reduces their thickness. This results in a higher packing density of the fibers, leading to stronger and more uniform yarns. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of compact spinning technology, covering its principle, fiber condensation method, and the types of machines used. The quality of the yarn is greatly influenced by various systems and parameters such as lattice apron, air suction slot geometry, airflow fields, and twist mechanism employed in compact spinning. We present a compendium of the various developments established in studies on compact spinning, which could serve as a platform for developing new techniques in compact spinning for the production of high-quality yarns with low economic burdens. This review discusses compact spinning, two main systems, machines, influential parameters/peripherals, disadvantages, and the future prospects of compact spinning. Additionally, we provide a summary of previous research on compact spinning, highlighting its benefits and advantages over traditional ring spinning. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of guiding devices and lattice apron type on yarn quality. We also explore the potential of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in enhancing the performance and design of compact spinning machines.
GrishanovS.2: Structure and properties of textile materials. In: ClarkM (ed.) Handbook of Textile and Industrial Dyeing. New Delhi, India:
Woodhead Publishing, 2011, pp. 28–63.
4.
AlagirusamyRDasA.Chapter 8, Conversion of fibre to yarn: an overview. In: SinclairR (ed.) Textiles and Fashion.
Woodhead Publishing, 2015, pp. 159–189.
5.
WeiLHuangSZhuT, et al.
Research on shape of spinning triangles in the ring spinning system. J Text Inst2016;
107: 420–430. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2015.1034935.
6.
SuXLiuXLiS.Research on mutual relationships of flange ring and traveler on ring spinning system. Int J Cloth Sci Technol2019;
31: 32–57.
7.
ChengKYuC.A study of compact spun yarns. Text Res J2003;
73: 345–349.
8.
KocEKaplanE.An investigation on energy consumption in yarn production with special reference to ring spinning. Fibres Text East Eur2007;
15: 18–24.
9.
TangZ-XWangXFraserB.Minimizing energy consumption of yarn winding in ring spinning. Text Res J2004;
74: 1097–1103. DOI: 10.1177/004051750407401211.
10.
TangZ-XWangXFraserB.Distribution of power requirements during yarn winding in ring spinning. Text Res J2004;
74: 735–741. DOI: 10.1177/004051750407400813.
11.
LingliCTangZ-XXungaiW.Effect of yarn hairiness on energy consumption in rotating a ring-spun yarn package. Text Res J2003;
73: 949–954. DOI: 10.1177/004051750307301103.
12.
HossainMAbdkaderACherifC, et al.
Innovative twisting mechanism based on superconducting technology in a ring-spinning system. Text Res J2013;
84: 871–880. DOI: 10.1177/0040517513512393.
13.
RongYGuH-b.Numerical simulation of quasi-stationary ring spinning process linear elastic yarn. Text Res J2010;
81: 22–27. DOI: 10.1177/0040517510376272.
14.
TangZ-XWangXWangL, et al.
The effect of yarn hairiness on air drag in ring spinning. Text Res J2006;
76: 559–566. DOI: 10.1177/0040517506064472.
15.
RengasamyRS.2: Fundamental principles of ring spinning of yarns A2, Lawrence, C.A. Advances in Yarn Spinning Technology. IIT Delhi, India:
Woodhead Publishing, 2010, pp. 42–78.
16.
BarrACatlingHCharnleyF, et al. Manual of cotton spinning: volume v. The principles and theory of ring spinning. Manchester, UK:
Textile Institute, 1965, pp. 161–194.
17.
GandhiK.Woven textiles: Principles, technologies and applications.
Elsevier, 2012, pp. 161–194.
18.
HechtlR.Compact spinning system: an opportunity for improving the ring spinning process. Melliand International1996;
2: 12–13.
19.
ÖzdilNÖzdoğanEDemirelA, et al.
A comparative study of the characteristics of compact yarn-based knitted fabrics. Fibres Text East Eur2005: 39–43.
20.
SuXLiuXLiuX.Numerical simulation of flow field in the pneumatic compact spinning systems using finite element method. Int J Cloth Sci Technol2018;
30: 363–379.
21.
RengasamyR.Developments in ring spinning. Advances in Yarn Spinning Technology. IIT Delhi, India:
Elsevier, 2010, pp. 193–216.
22.
TangZ-XWangXFraserW, et al.
Simulation and experimental validation of a ring spinning process. Simul Model Pract Theory2006;
14: 809–816. DOI: 10.1016/j.simpat.2006.01.003.
23.
BeltranRWangLWangX.A controlled experiment on yarn hairiness and fabric pilling. Text Res J2007;
77: 179–183. DOI: 10.1177/0040517507079409.
24.
YinR.Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of nonlinearly elastic yarn in ring spinning. Text Res J2021;
91: 278–288. DOI: 10.1177/0040517520940807.
25.
YinRTaoX-MXuB-g.Systematic investigation of twist generation and propagation in a modified ring spinning system. Text Res J2019;
90: 367–375. DOI: 10.1177/0040517519866950.
26.
ShahidMAHossainMDNakib-Ul-HasanM, et al.
Comparative study of ring and compact yarn-based knitted fabric. Procedia Engineering2014;
90: 154–159.
27.
NikolićMStjepanovičZLesjakF, et al.
Compact spinning for improved quality of ring-spun yarns. Fibres Text East Eur2003;
4: 30–35.
28.
MoghasemiALatifiP.Properties improvement of ring spun yarn by means of a new design for front roll. Textile Science and Technology Journal2009: 1–14.
29.
RashidFAAzadAKUllahANMA.Comparative study on cotton yarn quality made from compact and conventional ring frame. J Innov Dev Strategy2011;
5: 61–66.
30.
AlmetwallyAAMouradMHebeishAA, et al.
Comparison between physical properties of ring-spun yarn and compact yarns spun from different pneumatic compacting systems. Indian J Fibre Text Res. 2015;
40: 43–50.
31.
SchenekA.New chances for cotton. Cotton International1998: 122–128.
32.
StalderH.New spinning process ComforSpin. Melliand Textilberichte International Textile Reports2000;
81: 133–136.
33.
EgbersG.The future of spinning and weaving. Melliand English1999;
6: 34–36.
34.
KampenW.The advantages of condensed spinning. Melliand Textilberichte International Textile Reports2000;
81: E 58.
35.
KhurshidMFNadeemKAsadM, et al.
Comparative analysis of cotton yarn properties spun on pneumatic compact spinning systems. Fibres Text East Eur2013;
5: 30–43.
36.
ShaoRChengLXueW, et al.
Theoretical study of the effects on yarn strength in a modified ring spinning system. Text Res J2019;
89: 5014–5023. DOI: 10.1177/0040517519846071.
37.
LiuXSuX.Theoretical study of spinning triangle with raised part. J Text Inst2014;
105: 483–490. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2013.825998.
38.
LiuXSuX.Theoretical study of effect of ring spinning triangle division on fiber tension distribution. J Eng Fiber Fabr2015;
10: 20–28. DOI: 10.1177/155892501501000314.
39.
SuXGaoWLiuX, et al.
Theoretical study of fiber tension distribution at the spinning triangle. Text Res J2013;
83: 1728–1739. DOI: 10.1177/0040517513481867.
40.
XungaiWLingliC.Reducing yarn hairiness with a modified yam path in worsted ring spinning. Text Res J2003;
73: 327–332. DOI: 10.1177/004051750307300409.
41.
HaleemNWangX.Recent research and developments on yarn hairiness. Text Res J2015;
85: 211–224.
42.
MajumdarA.4: Yarn hairiness and its reduction. In: AlagirusamyRDasA (eds) Technical Textile Yarns. Boston:
Woodhead Publishing, 2010, pp. 112–139.
43.
WangXHuangWHuangXB.A study on the formation of yarn hairiness. J Text Inst1999;
90: 555–569. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.1999.10750053.
44.
SunYPanRZhouJ, et al.
Analysis of detectable angles of yarn hairiness in optical measurements. Text Res J2016;
87: 1297–1307. DOI: 10.1177/0040517516651108.
45.
BarellaAManichAM.Yarn hairiness: a further update. Textile Progress2002;
31: 1–44. DOI: 10.1080/00405160208688953.
46.
BarellaA.Yarn hairiness. Text Prog1983;
13: 1–57. DOI: 10.1080/00405168308688897.
47.
ViswanathanGMunshiVGUkidveAV, et al.
Comparative evaluation of yarn hairiness by different methods. Text Res J1988;
58: 477–479. DOI: 10.1177/004051758805800808.
48.
KhanZLimAEKLijingW, et al.
An artificial neural network-based hairiness prediction model for worsted wool yarns. Text Res J2009;
79: 714–720. DOI: 10.1177/0040517508094171.
49.
XiaZLiuXWangK, et al.
A novel analysis of spun yarn hairiness inside limited two-dimensional space. Text Res J2019;
89: 4710–4716. DOI: 10.1177/0040517519841368.
50.
MirzaeiMGharehaghajiAZarrebiniM.A new method of yarn hairiness reduction by air suction during carding. Text Res J2012;
82: 2128–2136. DOI: 10.1177/0040517512447586.
51.
MukhopadhyaySRamakrishnanG.Microfibres. Text Prog2008;
40: 1–86. DOI: 10.1080/00405160801942585.
52.
ÇelikPKadogluH.A research on the compact spinning for long staple yarns. Fibres Text East Eur2004;
12: 48.
53.
ZhengSChengLLiuS.Model of the yarn twist propagation in compact spinning with a pneumatic groove. Fibres Text East Eur2011;
19: 84.
54.
JackowskiTSieradzkiK.Quality of wool-type compact yarns from twisted and rubbed roving. Fibres Text East Eur2007;
15: 62.
55.
ClappD. Suessen Elite Ring Spinning Evaluation. In: 14th EFS® System Conference North Carolina2001.
56.
KhurshidMFAbbasAAslamS, et al.
Comparative analysis of siro yarn properties spun on ring and pneumatic compact spinning systems. Ind Textila2017;
68: 245–249.
57.
BasalGOxenhamW.Comparison of properties and structures of compact and conventional spun yarns. Text Res J2006;
76: 567–575.
MeyerU.Compact yarns: innovation as a sector driving force. Melliand Int2000;
6: 22–25.
60.
KrifaMEthridgeD.Compact ring spun yarn: an examination of some productivity issues. Textile Topics2003;
2: 2–8.
61.
LiuXLiuWZhangH, et al.
Research on pneumatic compact spun yarn quality. J Text Inst2015;
106: 431–442. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2014.925198.
62.
ElmessiryMHosnyNMohamedA.Optimization of specific energy consumption for compact-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res2012;
37: 34–8.
63.
OmerogluSUlkuS.An investigation about tensile strength, pilling and abrasion properties of woven fabrics made from conventional and compact ring-spun yarns. Fibres Text East Eur2007;
15: 39–42.
64.
YilmazDGöktepeFGöktepeÖ, et al.
Packing density of compact yarns. Text Res J2007;
77: 661–667.
65.
ArtztP.Short staple spinning on the way to new yarn structures and better raw material utilisation. Int text bull1999;
45: 16–23.
66.
BecerenYNergisBU.Comparison of the effects of cotton yarns produced by new, modified and conventional spinning systems on yarn and knitted fabric performance. Text Res J2008;
78: 297–303.
67.
Abou-NassifGA.A comparative study between physical properties of compact and ring yarn fabrics produced from medium and coarser yarn counts. J Text2014;
2014.
68.
YangJPFuTWangJ.Analysis on the characterization of the twist insertion level and its effect of the compact and ring spun yarns. J Donghua Univ. (English edition)2011;
28: 252–254.
69.
YeşilpınarS.Analysis of the performance of sewing threads manufactured from conventional and compact ring-spun yarns. Fibres Text East Eur2006: 20–23.
70.
AltasSKadoğluH.Comparison of conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. J Eng Fiber Fabr2012;
7: 87–100.
71.
MavruzSOgulataRT.Statistical investigation of properties of ring and compact yarns and knitted fabrics made of these kinds of yarns. Tekst ve Konfeksiyon2008;
18: 197–205.
72.
BrunkN.Elitwist: A compact yarn for superior demands. Spinnovation2003;
19: 17–22.
73.
StalderH.Ring-spinning Advance. Text Asia2000;
31: 43–46.
74.
Zhuan YongZLong DiCZhi HongH.A numerical approach to simulate fiber motion trajectory in an airflow field in compact spinning with a perforated drum. Text Res J2009;
80: 395–402. DOI: 10.1177/0040517509343815.
YilmazDUsalMR.A comparison of compact-jet, compact, and conventional ring-spun yarns. Text Res J2011;
81: 459–470.
77.
FuTYangJChengG, et al.
Mechanical modeling of an arc-shaped suction slot for compact spinning and analysis of additional twists. Text Res J2018;
88: 2499–2505.
78.
Abdul SSandipJ. Properties evaluation of cotton ring and compact spun yarns after scouring and bleaching process. J Text Eng2013;
3: 1.
79.
MaH-CChengL-DYanG-X, et al.
Studies of negative pressure and cleaning condition effects on gathering for ramie compact spinning with a suction groove. Fibres Text East Eur2014;
3: 54–57.
80.
El-SayedMAMSanadSH.9: Compact spinning technology A2, Lawrence, C.A. Advances in Yarn Spinning Technology. Egypt:
Woodhead Publishing, 2010, pp. 237–260.
81.
MahmoodNJamilNAIftikharM, et al.
Comparative study of compact versus ring spinning for neps in cotton yarn. Int J Agric Biol2004;
6: 153–55.
82.
ArtztP.Possibilities of improving the efficiency of compact spinning. Melliand Int2002: 28–30.
83.
HellwigA.Compact yarn in weaving-a new fashion or a must for high-quality fabrics?Melliand Textilberichte international textile reports2002;
83: 418–419.
84.
TurksoyHKilicGBilginS.Comparative study on the properties of yarns produced by modified ring spinning methods. Ind Text2011;
62: 129–133.
85.
KrifaMEthridgeMD.Compact spinning effect on cotton yarn quality: Interactions with fiber characteristics. Text Res J2006;
76: 388–399.
86.
MessiryMMohamed NEsmatG. Compact spinning system for fine count Egyptian cotton yarns. Adv Res Text Eng2016;
1: 1005.
87.
XiaZXuW.A review of ring staple yarn spinning method development and its trend prediction. J Nat Fibers2013;
10: 62–81.
88.
El-SayedMSanadS.Compact spinning technology. Advances in Yarn Spinning Technology.
Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing, 2010, pp. 237–260.
89.
GowdaRVM.2: Advances in yarn spinning and texturising. Technical Textile Yarns. Boston:
Woodhead Publishing, 2010, pp. 56–90.
90.
ArtztP.The special structure of compact yarns-advantages in downstream processing. ITB Yarn and Fabric Forming1997;
2: 41–8.
91.
OxenhamW. Innovations in spun yam technologies—Present and future. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research2006;
31: 116–124.
92.
GöktepeFYilmazDGöktepeÖ.A comparison of compact yarn properties produced on different systems. Text Res J2006;
76: 226–234.
93.
Karakan GünaydinGSoydanAPalamutcuS.Evaluation of cotton fibre properties in compact yarn spinning processes and investigation of fibre and yarn properties. Fibres Text East Eur2018;
26: 23–34. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0011.7299.
94.
WangJWanD.Application progress of computational fluid dynamic techniques for complex viscous flows in ship and ocean engineering. J Mar Sci Appl2020;
19: 1–16. DOI: 10.1007/s11804-020-00124-8.
RamanRDewangYRaghuwanshiJ.A review on applications of computational fluid dynamics. Int j LNCT2018;
2: 137–143.
97.
KuipersJAMvan SwaaijWPM.Computational fluid dynamics applied to chemical reaction engineering. In: WeiJ (ed) Advances in Chemical Engineering. San Diego:
Academic Press, 1998, pp. 227–328.
98.
LiuXLiuX.Numerical simulation of the three-dimensional flow field in four pneumatic compact spinning using the finite element method. Text Res J2015;
85: 1712–1719.
99.
PeihuaFLongdiC, andShanyuanW.Numerical simulation of the air-flow field in the compact spun technology. J Qingdao Univ2005;
20: 74–79.
100.
LinHBergadàJMZengY, et al.
Rotor spinning transfer channel design optimization via computational fluid dynamics. Text Res J2017;
88: 1244–1262.
101.
AkankwasaNTLinHZhangY, et al.
Numerical simulation of three-dimensional airflow in a novel dual-feed rotor spinning box. Text Res J2018;
88: 237–253. DOI: 10.1177/0040517516677230.
102.
AkankwasaNTLin H, andWangJ. Evaluation of the dual-feed rotor spinning unit based on airflow dynamics and blended yarn properties. J Text Inst2017;
108: 1–12.
103.
FuTZhangYAkankwasaNT, et al.
Study on the model of semi-open-end twist in compact spinning with lattice apron. Text Res J2021;
91: 467–479. DOI: 10.1177/0040517520942545.
104.
KumarAIshtiaqueSSalhotraK.Compact spinning: a critical review. In: ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition2003, pp. 59–68.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
105.
XuBMaJ.Radial distribution of fibres in compact-spun flax-cotton blended yarns. Fibres Text East Eur2010;
18: 78.
106.
SuXGaoWLiuX.Numerical simulation of flow field in complete condensing spinning: effects of suction unit and guiding device. J Text Inst2016;
107: 811–824.
107.
ZhangXZouZChengL.Numerical study of the three-dimensional flow field in compact spinning with inspiratory groove. Text Res J2010;
80: 84–92.
108.
LiuSR.Study of flow field in compact spinning with pneumatic groove. In: Advanced Materials Research2011, pp. 260–263. Trans Tech Publ.
109.
JackowskiTCyniakDCzekalskiJ.Compact cotton yarn. Fibres Text East Eur2004;
12: 22–26.
110.
RegarMAmjadAAikatN.Studies on the properties of ring and compact spun melange yarn. Int J Adv Res Innov Ideas Educ2017;
3: 476–483.
111.
BrunkN.Elitwist®-three years after market introduction. Spinnovation2006;
22: 10–17.
112.
LawrenceCA.Fundamentals of spun yarn technology. Boca Raton:
CRC Press, 2003.
113.
Kothari RpsV.K..
Different technologies to spin compact yarns. Indian Text J2007: 32–39.
114.
OlbrichA.The AIR-COM-TEX 700 condenser ring spinning machine. Melliand Textilberichte international textile reports2000;
81: 137–40.
115.
SmekalJ.Air-Com-Tex 700 for compact spinning yarns. Melliand Int2001;
7: 18–19.
116.
LiuXZhangHSuX.Comparative analysis on pneumatic compact spinning systems. Int J Cloth Sci2016;
28: 400–419.
117.
AminH.Compact spinning systems. Asian Text J2013;
22: 32–38.
118.
HanCGaoWChenL.Numerical simulation of the condensing effect of different suction slots on fiber strands in a compact siro spinning machine with lattice apron. Autex Res J2020;
20: 1–10.
119.
HanCWeiMXueW, et al.
Numerical simulation and analysis of airflow in the condensing zone of compact-siro spinning. Text Res J2015;
85: 1506–1519.
120.
HanCWeiMXueW, et al.
Numerical simulation of fiber strands on condensing effect of suction slot in compact spinning with lattice apron. Fibers Polym2014;
15: 1084–1091.
121.
LiuXSuXZhangH.Effects of lattice apron density on yarn qualities in Four-line compact spinning system. J Text Inst2017;
108: 511–521.
122.
RaianSHossenJ.Effect of lattice apron age on the quality of compact ring-spun yarns. Trends in Textile Engineering and Fashion Technology2018;
3: 1–10.
123.
YangJWangJBuH, et al.
Mechanical analysis on constant cross-section segment of fiber band in condensing zone during compact spinning. J Text Inst2012;
103: 117–123. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2011.553811.
124.
LiuXSuX.Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow field in compact spinning with Hollow Roller: Effect of roller surface structure. Int J Cloth Sci2014;
26: 131–144.
125.
SuXGaoWLiuX, et al.
Research on the performance of a drafting device for the four-line compact spinning system. Fibres Text East Eur2016;
24: 44–51.
126.
SatyMYAkankwasaNTWangJ. (2021).
Numerical simulation and analysis of airflow in the condensing zone of compact spinning with lattice apron. Autex Res J 2021;
22: 258–263. DOI: doi:10.2478/aut-2021-0018.
127.
SuXGaoWLiuX, et al.
Numerical simulation of a three-dimensional flow field in compact spinning with a perforated drum: effect of a guiding device. Text Res J2013;
83: 2093–2108.
128.
SatyMYHAkankwasaNTWangJ.Three-dimensional simulation and experimental investigation of three-dimensional printed guiding devices on lattice-apron compact spinning. Text Res J2020;
91: 1389–1398. DOI: 10.1177/0040517520982586.
129.
SatyMYAkankwasaNTWangJ.Numerical and experimental approach towards an energy-efficient compact spinning system. Text Res J2022;
92: 730–738. DOI: doi: 10.1177/00405175211043251.
130.
YangYLiZSunX, et al.
Modification of the lattice apron-type compact spinning system with a new air-suction slot for improving the yarn properties. Fibers Polym2023;
24: 1483–1490.
