Electrical responses of three-dimensional braided composites under mechanical loads are important for the design of structural health monitoring in real time. Here we reported electrical properties and electrical-mechanical behaviors of three-dimensional braided composites with different braiding angles under three-point bending load, and investigated the correlation between electrical resistance and damage of the three-dimensional braided composites. We found that change of resistance reflected damage modes of the composite. In addition, we proposed an electrical-mechanical model to explain the resistance changes of three-dimensional braided composites based on the Weibull distribution function. The results of the model verify the effectiveness and rationality of the experimental results under bending load, which provides a theoretical basis for the structural health monitoring of three-dimensional braided composites through a electrical resistance change method.
AlarifiIM.Investigation the conductivity of carbon fiber composites focusing on measurement techniques under dynamic and static loads. J Mater Res Technol2019;
8: 4863–4893.
2.
WangFSJiYYYuXS, et al.
Ablation damage assessment of aircraft carbon fiber/epoxy composite and its protection structures suffered from lightning strike. Compos Struct2016;
145: 226–241.
3.
HanCSunBGuB.Electric conductivity and surface potential distributions in carbon fiber reinforced composites with different ply orientations. Text Res J2022;
92: 1147–1160.
4.
KoecherMCPandeJHMerkleyS, et al.
Piezoresistive in-situ strain sensing of composite laminate structures. Compos Part B-Eng2015;
69: 534–541.
5.
AlmuhammadiKYudhantoALubineauG.On the anisotropic behavior of electrodes for electrical-based monitoring of CFRP laminated composites. Polym Composite2019;
40: 2061–2066.
6.
PegorinFPingkarawatKMouritzAP.Electrical-based delamination crack monitoring in composites using z-pins. Compos Part A-Appl S2018;
104: 120–128.
7.
WangYWangYWanB, et al.
Strain and damage self-sensing of basalt fiber reinforced polymer laminates fabricated with carbon nanofibers/epoxy composites under tension. Compos Part A-Appl S2018;
113: 40–52.
8.
MartinsATAbouraZHariziW, et al.
Structural health monitoring for GFRP composite by the piezoresistive response in the tufted reinforcements. Compos Struct2019;
209: 103–111.
9.
QureshiYTarfaouiMLafdiKK, et al.
Development of microscale flexible nylon/Ag strain sensor wire for real-time monitoring and damage detection in composite structures subjected to three-point bend test. Compos Sci Technol2019;
181: 107693.
10.
LeeIYRohHDParkY-B.Novel structural health monitoring method for CFRPs using electrical resistance based probabilistic sensing cloud. Compos Sci Technol2021;
213: 108812.
11.
WangXChungDDL. Electromechanical behavior of carbon fiber. In: Smart Structures and Materials 1998: Smart Materials Technologies. Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd the Boulevard, Langford Land, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England. SPIE, pp.242–250.
12.
WangXFuXChungDDL.Electromechanical study of carbon fiber composites. J Mater Res1998;
13: 3081–3092.
13.
JiangCXLiR.Single fiber testing study the mechano-electric behavior between carbon fiber and cement. Adv Mat Res2011;
183–185: 1859–1863.
14.
AngelidisNIrvingPE.Detection of impact damage in CFRP laminates by means of electrical potential techniques. Compos Sci Technol2007;
67: 594–604.
15.
OgasawaraTAizawaSOgawaT, et al.
Sensitive strain monitoring of SiC fiber/epoxy composite using electrical resistance changes. Compos Sci Technol2007;
67: 955–962.
16.
RamjiAXuYGrassoM, et al.
Effect of interfacial fibre orientation and PPS veil density on delamination resistance of 5HS woven CFRP laminates under mode II loading. Compos Sci Technol2021;
207: 108735.
17.
AbbasiSLadaniRBWangCH, et al.
Improving the delamination resistance of fibre reinforced polymer composites using 3D woven metal Z-Filaments. Compos Sci Technol2020;
198: 108301.
18.
HanCSunBGuB.Electric potential distributions in carbon fiber/epoxy plain-woven laminates with different current directions. Compos Struct2021;
270: 114059.
19.
Abbas A, Asim A, Zahid A, et al. Development of knitted reinforced structures with self-diagnostic function for composite applications. J Ind Text 2022; 51: 2246S–2266S.
20.
CarraroPAZappalortoMQuaresiminM.Health monitoring of cross-ply laminates: Modelling the correlation between damage evolution and electrical resistance change. Compos Part A-Appl S2016;
82: 151–158.
21.
LeongC-KWangSChungDDL.Effect of through-thickness compression on the microstructure of carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites, as studied by electrical resistance measurement. J Mater Sci2006;
41: 2877–2884.
22.
GadomskiJPyrzanowskiP.Experimental investigation of fatigue destruction of CFRP using the electrical resistance change method. Measurement2016;
87: 236–245.
23.
HanCHuangSSunB, et al.
Electrical resistance changes of 3D carbon fiber/epoxy woven composites under short beam shear loading along different orientations. Compos Struct2021;
276: 114549.
24.
GrammatikosSAPaipetisAS.On the electrical properties of multi scale reinforced composites for damage accumulation monitoring. Compos Part B-Eng2012;
43: 2687–2696.
25.
RohHDLeeS-YJoE, et al.
Deformation and interlaminar crack propagation sensing in carbon fiber composites using electrical resistance measurement. Compos Struct2019;
216: 142–150.
26.
KwonD-JShinP-SKimJ-H, et al.
Detection of damage in cylindrical parts of carbon fiber/epoxy composites using electrical resistance (ER) measurements. Compos Part B-Eng2016;
99: 528–532.
27.
ParkJBOkabeTTakedaN, et al.
Electromechanical modeling of unidirectional CFRP composites under tensile loading condition. Compos Part A-Appl S2002;
33: 267–275.
28.
WenJXiaZChoyF.Damage detection of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites via electrical resistance measurement. Compos Part B-Eng2011;
42: 77–86.
29.
XiaZHCurtinWA.Damage detection via electrical resistance in CFRP composites under cyclic loading. Compos Sci Technol2008;
68: 2526–2534.
30.
ZhuHDuXLiD, et al.
Investigation of parameterized braiding parameters and loading directions on compressive behavior and failure mechanism of 3D four-directional braided composites. Compos Struct2022;
287: 115357.
31.
Guo-dongFJunLBao-laiW.Progressive damage and nonlinear analysis of 3D four-directional braided composites under unidirectional tension. Compos Struct2009;
89: 126–133.
32.
ZhouWZhangP-FYinH-F, et al.
Flexural damage behavior of carbon fiber three-dimensional braided composites using acoustic emission and micro-CT. Mater Res Express2019;
6: 115601.
33.
GhavamiP.Mechanics of materials. Springer International Publishing, New York: NY, 2015.
34.
AngelidisNWeiCYIrvingPE.The electrical resistance response of continuous carbon fibre composite laminates to mechanical strain. Compos Part A-Appl S2004;
35: 1135–1147.
