Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2018-12
Multifunctional components from carbon concrete composite C 3 – integrated,textile-based sensor solutions for in situ structural monitoring of adaptive building envelopes
This contribution will introduce carbon-reinforced concrete components (so-called carbon concrete composites, or C3) with sensor functionalities for innovative building envelopes. For a continuous in situ structural monitoring, these textile-reinforced concrete components are equipped with textile sensor networks consisting of resistive carbon fiber sensors (CFSs), which are integrated into the carbon fiber non-crimp fabrics of the concrete reinforcement by multiaxial warp-knitting. The in situ CFSs, consisting of 1 k or 50 k carbon fiber roving with added staple fiber/multifilament dielectric cladding, are later integral to the load-distributing elements of the concrete component, and elongations within these are easy to record with good correlation to ohmic resistance changes. Gage factors of k = 0.52–1.23 at linearity deviations of ALin = 4.0–8.7% are feasible. This allows a monitoring of C3 building envelopes for structural mechanical changes caused by physical changes within the component through mechanical or thermal loads or deformation and cracks.
Special research field SFB 528 - Textile reinforcement for the structurally engineered strengthening and maintenance - Finale report. Technische Universitaet Dresden, 08.05.2012, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-86425 (accessed 30 August 2016).
2.
Curbach M (ed.) and Ortlepp and R (ed.) Textile reinforced concrete in theory and practice. In: proceedings of the 6th colloquium of textile reinforced structures (CTRS6) - concluding colloquium of the special research fields SFB 528 (Dresden) and SFB 532 (Aachen), Berlin, 19–20 September 2011. p.444. Dresden, Technisch Universitaet Dresden. ISBN 978-3-86780-245-1.
HaqueMEZainMFMet al.Recent application of structural civil health monitoring using WSN and FBG. World Appl Sci J2012; 20: 585–590.
5.
LiH-NLiD-SSongG-B. Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering. Eng Struct2004; 26: 1647–1657.
6.
ChangPCFlatauALiuSC. Review paper: health monitoring of civil infrastructure. Struct Health Monitor2003; 2: 257–267.
7.
GoldfeldYRabinovitchOFishbainBet al.Sensory carbon fiber based textile-reinforced concrete for smart structures. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2016, pp. 27: 469–489.
8.
GoldfeldYBen-AaroshSRabinovitchOet al.Integrated self-monitoring of carbon based textile reinforced concrete beams under repeated loading in the un-cracked region. Carbon2015, 98: 1–38.
WenSChungDDL. Self-sensing of flexural damage and strain in carbon fiber reinforced cement and effect of embedded steel reinforcing bars. Carbon2006; 44: 1496–1502.
11.
WenSWangSChungDDL. Piezoresistivity in continuous carbon fiber polymer-matrix and cement-matrix composites. J Mater Sci2000; 35: 3669–3675.
12.
TeometeE. Measurement of crack length sensitivity and strain gage factor of carbon fiber reinforced cement matrix composites. Measurement2015; 74: 21–30.
13.
YangCQWuZS. Self-structural health monitoring function of RC Structures with HCFRP sensors. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2006; 17: 895–906.
14.
Heinrich M, Kroll L, Gelbrich S, et al. manufacturing of strain gages for the integral monitoring of civil engineering construction works in concrete structures by using etching embroidery method. In: Jacquline T (ed.) proceedings of the 15th Chemnitzer Textiltechnik Tagung, Chemnitz, 31 May–1 June 2016, pp.52–56.
15.
OwstonCN. Electrical properties of single carbon fibres. J Phys D Appl Phys1970; 3: 1615–1626.
16.
HaentzscheEMatthesANockeAet al.Characteristics of carbon fiber based strain sensors for structural-health monitoring of textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites depending on the textile technological integration process. Sens Actuat A Phys2013; A203: 189–203.
17.
HaentzscheEUngerRNockeAet al.Carbon filament yarn-based sensor networks for spatially resolved monitoring of fiber-reinforced composites. Tech Text2014, 57: 22–25.
18.
CherifChHaentzscheEMuellerRet al.Carbon fibre sensors embedded in glass fibre-based composites for wind turbine blades. In: Smart textiles and their applications, Cambridge, MA: Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 178. Woodhead Publishing, 2016, 329–352.
19.
HaentzscheEMuellerRHuebnerMet al.Manufacturing technology of integrated textile-based sensor networks for in situ monitoring applications of composite wind turbine blades. J Smart Mater Struct2016; 25: 105012–105012.
20.
Bridgman P W. The Effect of Tension on the Electrical Resistance of Certain Abnormal Metals. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 57(1922)3, pp.41-66, DOI: 10.2307/20025885.
21.
WenSChungDDL. Piezoresistivity in continuous carbon fiber cement-matrix composite. Cem Conr Res1999; 29: 445–449.
22.
Fehrer E, Fuchs H and Konig F. Apparatus for spinning textile fibers. Patent US4107909, USA, 1977.
HasanMMBDiestelOCherifCh. Electro-mechanical properties of friction spun conductive hybrid yarns made of carbon filaments for composites. Text Res J2011; 81: 1603–1616.
25.
BanholzerBBrockmannTBrameshuberW. Material and bonding characteristics for dimensioning and modelling of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) elements. Mater Struct2006; 39: 749–763.
26.
WeberWEMechtcherineV. Modeling the dynamic properties of fibre-reinforced concrete with different coating technologies of multifilament yarns. Cem Concrete Compos2016; 73: 257–266.
