Raw cotton and flax fibers and fabrics contain noncellulosic components such as waxes, pectins, proteins, and hemicelluloses, and major parts of these components are located on the outer surfaces of the fibers. In this work, the surface chemistry of cotton and linen fabrics is analyzed with Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), with special emphasis on the location of the waxes and lignin in the fabric surfaces.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Beamson, G., and Briggs, D., High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers, in “The Scienta ESCA300 Database,” Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 1992.
2.
2. Buchert, J., Pere, J., Puolakka, A., and Nousiainen, P., Scouring of Cotton with Pectinases, Proteases and Lipases, Textile Chem. Color. Am, Dyest. Rep.32 (5), 48–52 (2000).
3.
3. Chastain, J., and King, R. C., Jr., Eds., “PHI Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,” Physical Electronics, Eden Prarie, MN, 1995.
4.
4. Dorris, G. M., and Gray, D. G., The Surface Analysis of Paper and Wood Fibres by ESCA, I: Application to Cellulose and Lignin, Cellul. Chem. Technol.12, 9–23 (1978).
5.
5. Dorris, G. M., and Gray, D. G., The Surface Analysis of Paper and Wood Fibres by ESCA, II: Surface Composition of Mechanical Pulps, Cellul. Chem. Technol.12, 721–734 (1978).
6.
6. Freytag, R., and Donzé, J-J., in “Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Chemical Processing of Fibres and Fabrics, Fundamentals and Preparation, Part A,” M. Lewin and S. B. Sello, Eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, 1983.
7.
7. Etters, J. N., Cotton Preparation with Alkaline Pectinase: An Environmental Advance, Textile Chem. Color. & Am. Dyest. Rep.1(3), 33–36 (1999).
8.
8. Hardin, I. R., Li, Y., and Akin, D., Cotton Wall Structure and Enzymatic Treatments, in “Enzyme Applications for Fiber Processing, ACS Symp. Ser.,” K.-E. Eriksson and A. Cavaco-Paulo, Eds., ACS, Washington D.C., 1998, pp. 190–203.
9.
9. Johansson, L.-S., Campbell, J. M., Koljonen, K., and Ste-nius, P., Evaluation of Surface Lignin on Cellulose Fibers with XPS, Appl. Surface Sci.144-145, 92–95 (1999).
10.
10. Johansson, L.-S., and Saastamoinen, T., Investigating Early Stages of Biocorrosion with XPS: AISI 304 Stainless Steel Exposed to Burkholderia sp., Appl. Surf. Sci., 144-145, 244–248 (1999).
11.
11. Laine, J., Stenius, P., Carlsson, G., and Strom, G., Surface Characterization of Unbleached Kraft Pulps by Means of ESCA, Cellulose1(2), 145–160 (1994).
12.
12. Puls, J., Poutanen, K., Körner, H. U., and Viikari, L., Biotechnical Utilization of Wood Carbohydrates after Steaming Pretreatment, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.22, 416–423 (1985).
