Commercial azo, triarylmethane, antraquinonic, and indigoid textile dyes are efficiently decolorized with enzyme preparations from Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune, Neurospora crassa, Polyporus sp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Trametes villosa, and Mycelioph tora thermophila. The nature of substituents on the dyes' benzene rings influences enzyme activity, and hydroxyl and amino groups enhance decolorization. The presence of lignin peroxidase and/or manganese peroxidase in addition to laccase (P. ostreatus, S. commune, S. rolfsii, N. crassa) increases decolorization by up to 25%. The effect of textile dyeing auxiliaries depends on the individual enzymes. Polyporus sp. and T. villosa are inhibited up to 20% by copper and iron chelating agents and anionic detergents, while the S. commune enzymes lose up to 70% of their activity.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Banat, I.M., Nigam, P., Singh, D., and Marchant, R., Microbial Decolorization of Textile Dye Containing Effluents, A Review , Biores. Technol.58, 217-227 (1996).
2.
Belsare, D.K. , and Prasad, D.Y., Decolorization of Effluent from the Bagasse-Based Pulp Mills by White-Rot Fungus, Schizophyllum Commune, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.28, 301-304 (1988).
3.
Bollag, J.M. , and Leonowicz, A., Comparative Studies of Extracellular Fungal Laccases, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.48, 849-854 (1984).
4.
Bortone, G., Effects of an Anaerobic Zone in a Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant , Water Sci. Technol.32, 133-140(1995).
5.
Call, H.P., and Mucke, I., Process Development and Mechanisms in the Mediated Bleaching of Pulps by Laccase , Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc.211, 147 (1996 ).
6.
Cerniglia, C.E. , Mineralization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by the White Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus., Appl. Environ. Microbiol.62, 292-295 (1996).
7.
Chivukula, M. , and Renganathan , V., Phenolic Azo Dye Oxidation by Laccase from Pyricularia Oryzae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.61, 4374-4377 (1995).
8.
Chivukula, M. , Spadaro, J.T., and Renganathan , V., Lignin Peroxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfonated Azo Dyes Generates Novel Sulfophenyl Hydroperoxides , Biochemistry-USA34, 7765-7772 (1995 ).
9.
Chung, K.T., and Stevens. S.E., Degradation of Azo Dyes by Environmental Microorganisms and Helminths , Environ. Toxicol. Chem.12, 2121-2132 (1993 ).
10.
Corso, C.R. , Deangelis, D.F., Deoliveira , J.E., and Kiyan, C., Interaction Between the Diazo Dye, Vermelho Reanil P8B, and Neurospora Crassa Strain 74A, Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.13, 64-66 (1981).
11.
Cripps, C., Bumpus, J.A., and Aust, S.D., Biodegradation of Azo and Heterocyclic Dyes by Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Appl. Environ. Microbiol.56, 1114-1118 (1990).
12.
Davis, S., and Bums, R.G., Covalent Immobilization of Laccase on Activated Carbon for Phenolic Effluent Treatment, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.37, 474-479 (1992).
13.
de Jong, E. , de Vries, F.P., Field , J.A., Van der Zwan , R.P., and de Bont, J.A.M., Isolation and Screening of Basidiomycetes with High Peroxidative Activity , Mycol. Res.96, 1098-1104 (1992 ).
14.
Dey, S., Maiti, T.K., and Bhattacharyya. B.C. , Production of Some Extracellular Enzymes by a Lignin Peroxidase Producing Brown Rot Fungus Polyporus ostreiformis and its Comparative Abilities for Lignin Degradation and Dye Decolorization, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.60, 4216-4218 (1994 ).
15.
Eggert. C., Temp, U., and Eriksson, K.E., Laccase Producing White Rot Fungus Lacking Lignin Peroxidase and Manganese Peroxidase, Role of Laccase in Lignin Biodegradation, ACS Symp. Ser.655, 130-150 (1996).
16.
Froehner, S.C. , and Eriksson. K.E., Purification and Properties of Neurospora crassa Laccase, J. Bacteriol.120, 458-465 (1974).
17.
Goncalves, M.L., and Steiner, W., Purification and Characterization of Laccase from a Newly Isolated Wood-Decaying Fungus, ACS Symp. Ser.655, 258-266 (1996).
18.
Goncalves, M.L., and Steiner, W., Use of Laccase for Bleaching of Pulps and Treatment of Effluents, ACS Symp. Ser.655, 197-206 ( 1996).
19.
Gübitz, G.M. , and Steiner, W., Simultaneous Production of Xylanase and Mannanase by Several Hemicellulolytic Fungi, ACS Symp. Ser.618, 319-331 (1995).
20.
Haug, W., Schmidt, A., Nortemann, B., Hempel. D.C., Stolz, A., and Knackmuss, H.J., Mineralization of the Sulfonated Azo Dye Mordant Yellow 3 by a 6-Amino-naphthalene-2-Sulfonate Degrading Bacterial Consortium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.57, 3144-3149 (1991).
21.
Huttermann, A., Haars, A., and Herche, C., Polymerization of Water Insoluble Lignins by Fomes annosus, Holzforschung34, 64-66 (1980).
22.
Leonard, T.J. , and Phillips, L.E., Study of Phenoloxidase Activity During the Reproductive Cycle in Schizophyllum commune, Bacteriology114, 7-10 (1973).
23.
Mayer, A.M., and Harel, E., Polyphenol Oxidases in Plants, Phytochemistry18, 193-215 (1979).
24.
Nigam, P., and Marchant, R., Selection of a Substratum for Composing Biofilm System of a Textile Effluent Decolorizing Bacteria, Biotechnol. Lett.17, 993-996 (1995).
25.
Ollikka, P., Alhonmaki, K., Leppanen, V.M., Glumoff, T., Raijola, T., and Suominen, I., Decolorization of Azo, Triphenyl Methane, Heterocyclic , and Polymeric Dyes by Lignin Peroxidase Isoenzymes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.59, 4010-4016 ( 1993).
26.
Palmieri, G. , Giardina, P., Bianco , C., Scaloni, A., Capasso, A., and Sannia, G., A Novel White Laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus , J. Biol. Chem.272, 31301-31307 (1997 ).
27.
Palmieri, G. , Giardina, P., Marzullo , L., et al., Stability and Activity of a Phenol Oxidase from the Ligninolytic Fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus , Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.39, 632-636 (1993).
28.
Pastigrigsby, M.B., Paszczynski, A., Goszczynski , S., Crawford, D.L., and Crawford , R.L., Influence of Aromatic Substitution Patterns on Azo Dye Degradability by Streptomyces sp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.58, 3605-3613 (1992).
29.
Pierce, J., Colour in Textile Effluents-The Origins of the Problem, J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 110, 131-134 (1994).
30.
Spadaro, J.T. , Lome, I., and Renganathan , V., Hydroxyl Radical Mediated Degradation of Azo Dyes: Evidence for Benzene Generation , Environ. Sci. Technol.28, 1389-1393 (1994 ).
31.
Thurston, C.F. , The Structure and Function ofFungal Laccases , Microbiology140, 19-26 (1994).
32.
Tien, M., and Kirk, T.K., LiP of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Meth. Enzymol.161B, 238-248 (1988).
33.
Tuor, U., Winterhalter, K., and Fiechter, A., Enzymes of White Rot Fungi Involved in Lignin Degradation and Ecological Determinants for Wood Decay, J. Biotechnol.41, 1-17 (1995).
Zimmermann, T., Gasser, F., Kulla , H.G., and Leisinger , T., Comparison of Two Bacterial Azoreductases Acquired During Adaptation to Growth on Azo Dyes, Arch. Microbiol.138, 37-43 (1984).
36.
Zimmermann, T., Kulla, H.G., and Leisinger , T., Properties of Purified Orange II Azoreductase, The Enzyme Initiating Azo Dye Degradation by Pseudomonas KF46, Eur. J. Biochem.129, 197-203 (1982).
