Using the Lockwoodian typology of deferential, proletarian, and privatized working-class consciousness, this social-historical analysis reconstructs and compares the kinds of social representations held by East European workers of the immigrant and native-born generations in an American mill town in the period 1890-1940. Exemplifying and extending the newer literature on class consciousness and social imagery, the paper shows (1) how and which influences of a micro- and macroscopic nature shaped the social meaning-systems of East European workers; and (2) how and under which circumstances their images of the social order formed complex, fragmented, and multivalent configurations.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Batstone, E. 1975. “Deference and the Ethos of Small Town Capitalism”, in M. Bulmer, ed., Working-Class Images of Society. London. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
2.
Bell, T. 1976. Out of This Furnace. Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh Press.
3.
Bennett, J. 1977. “Iron Workers in Woods Run and Johnstown: The Union Era, 1865-1895”. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
4.
Berelson, B.R., Lazarfeld, P.F., and McPhee, W.N. 1954. Voting. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press.
5.
Berend, I. and Ranki, G. 1979. Underdevelopment and Economic Growth. Studies in Hungarian Social and Economic History. Budapest. Akadémiai Kiadó.
6.
Blauner, R. 1964. Alienation and Freedom. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press.
7.
Blauner, R.1969. “Internal Colonialism and Ghetto Revolt”, Social Problems, 6;393-409.
8.
Blum, J. 1978. The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe. Princeton University Press.
9.
Bodnar, J.E. 1982. Workers' World. Kinship, Community and Protest in an Industrial Society, 1900-1940. Baltimore and London. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
10.
Bodnar, J.E. 1985. The Transplanted. A History of the Immigrants in Urban America. Bloomington. The University of Indiana Press.
11.
Boggs, J. 1970. Racism and the Class Struggle. New York. Monthly Review Press.
12.
Bonacic, E.1972. “A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split-Labor Market”, American Sociological Review, 37;533-547.
13.
Bott, E. 1957. Family and Social Network. London. Tavistock Publications.
14.
Brody, D. 1980. Workers in Industrial America. Essays on the Twenthieth Century Struggle. Oxford and New York. Oxford University Press.
15.
Broom, L. and Glenn, N. 1967. The Transformation of the Negro American. New York. Harper and Row.
16.
Buhchinger, J. 1952. Der Bauer in der Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Österreichs. Wien.
17.
Bukowczyk, J.J.1984. “The Transformation of Working Class Ethnicity: Corporate Control, Americanization and the Polish Immigrant Middle-Class in Bayonne, New Jersey, 1915-1925”, Labor History, 25;53-83.
18.
Bulmer, M. ed., 1975. Working-Class Images of Society. London. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
19.
Buttel, F.H. and Flinn, W.L.1979. “Sources of Working Class Consciousness”,.Sociological Review, 12;37-52.
20.
Cantor, M. ed., 1972. American Working Class Culture. Explorations in American Labor and Social History. Westport, Connecticut. Greenwood Press.
21.
Characteristics of the Population, Pt.6, 189.
22.
Chinoy, E. 1955. Automobile Workers and the American Dream. Boston, Beacon Press.
23.
Chranitel. St. Mary Greek-Catholic Church, Johnstown, PA, 1920-21.
24.
Cousins, J. and Brown, R.K. 1975. “Patterns of Paradox: Shipbuilding Workers' Images of Society”, in M. Bulmer, ed., Working-Class Images of Society. London. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
25.
Cumbler, J.T. 1979. Working-Class Community in Industrial America. Work, Leisure, and Struggle in Two Industrial Cities, 1880-1930. Westport, Connecticut. Greenwood Press.
26.
Curran, J.1981. “Class Imagery, Work Environment and Community: Some Further Findings and a Brief Comment”, British Journal of Sociology, 32; 111-126.
27.
Davies, A.F.Images of Class. Sydney. Sydney University Press.
28.
Davis, H.H. 1979. Beyond Class Images. Explorations in the Structure of Social Consciousness. London. Croom Helm.
29.
Drasler, J.1940. “Second Generation Slovenes. A Comparison Between Parents and Children”, Ameriski Druzinski Koledar, Leto; 169-171.
30.
Form, W.H. and Rytina, J.1969. “Ideological Beliefs on the Distribution of Power in the United States”, American Sociological Review, 34;19-31
31.
Free, L.A. and Cantril, H. 1967. The Political Beliefs of Americans. New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers University Press.
32.
Geschwender, J.A. 1977. Class, Race and Worker Insurgency: The League of Revolutionary Black Workers. Cambridge and New York. Cambridge University Press.
33.
Goldthorpe, J.H., Lockwood, D., Bechhofer F., and Platt, J. 1968(a). The Affluent Worker: Industrial Attitudes and Behaviour. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
34.
Goldthorpe, J.H., Lockwood, D., Bechhofer F., and Platt, J. 1968(b). The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behaviour. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
35.
Gutman, H.G.1959. “Two Lockouts in Pennsylvania, 1873-74”, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 83;307-327.
36.
Gutman, H.G. 1977. Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America. New York. Vintage Books.
37.
Gould, J.G.1980. “European Inter-Continental Emigration. The Road Home: Return Migration from the U.S.A.”, Journal of European Economic History, 9;41-113.
38.
Halle, D. 1984. America's Working Man. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press.
39.
Hamilton, R. 1972. Class and Politics in the United States. New York, John Wiley.
40.
Hiller, P.1975(a). “The Nature and Social Location of Everyday Conceptions of Class”, Sociology, 9;1-28.
41.
Hiller, P.1975(b). “Continuities and Variations in Everyday Conceptual Components of Class”, Sociology, 9;255-289.
42.
Hogan, D.1978. “Education and the Making of the Chicago Working Class, 1880-1930”, History of Education Quarterly, 18;227-271.
43.
Huber, J. and Form, W.H. 1973. Income and Ideology. An Analysis of the American Political Formula. New York. The Free Press.
44.
Hurst, C.E.1972. “Race, Class and Consciousness”, American Sociological Review, 37;658-670.
45.
Issel, W.1979. “Americanization, Acculturation and Social Control: School Reform and Ideology in Industrial Pennsylvania, 1880-1910”, Journal of Social History, 12;569-591.
46.
Jessop, R.D. 1974. Traditionalism, Conservatism and British Political Culture. London. Allen and Unwin.
47.
Johnstown City Directories, 1890-1940.
48.
Johnstown Fire Company, permanent roll, 1920-1940.
49.
Johnstown High Schools, permanent rolls, assorted records, 1920-1940.
Kavanagh, D.1971. “The Deferential English: A Comparative Critique”, Government and Opposition, 6;333-361.
53.
Kolko, G. 1976. “The American Working Class: The Immigrant Foundations”, in Main Currents in Modern American History. New York. Harper and Row.
54.
Kornhauser, W.A., Sheppard, A.L. and Mayer, A.J. 1956. When Labor Votes. New York. University Press.
55.
Kornhauser, W.A., 1975. The Mental Health of the Industrial Worker. New York, Huntington.
56.
Leggett, J.C. 1968. Class, Race, and Labor. Working-Class Consciousness in Detroit. Oxford and New York. Oxford University Press.
57.
Levitan, S. ed., 1972. Blue-Collar Workers. New York. McGraw-Hill.
58.
Lipset, S.M. 1966. “Value Systems, Class and the Democratic Polity: the United States and Great Britain”, in R. Bendix and S.M. Lipset, eds., Class, Status and Power. New York. The Free Press.
59.
Lockwood, D.1966. “Sources of Variation in Working-Class Images of Society”, Sociological Review, 14;249-267.
60.
Lopreato, J. and Hazelrigg, L.E. 1972. Class, Conflict and Mobility. Theories and Studies of Class Structure. San Francisco. Chandler Publishing Company.
61.
Macartney, C.A. 1968. The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918. London. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
62.
MacKenzie, G. 1973. The Aristocracy of Labor. The Position of Skilled Craftsmen in the American Class Structure. Cambridge and New York. Cambridge University Press.
63.
Manis, J.G. and Meltzer, B.N.1954. “Attitudes of Textile Workers to Class Structure”, American Journal of Sociology, 60;30-35.
64.
Mitrany, D. 1951. Marx and the Peasant. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The University of North Carolina Press.
65.
Mizruchi, E.H. 1964. Success and Opportunity. A Study of Anomie. New York. The Free Press.
66.
Molek, I. 1979. Slovene Immigrant History, 1900-1950. Autobiographical Sketches by Ivan Molek. Dover, Delaware. Lithocrafters, Inc.
67.
Montgomery, D. 1979. Workers' Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology and Labor Struggles. Cambridge and New York. Cambridge University Press.
68.
Morawska, E.1982. “The Internal Status Hierarchy in the East European Immigrant Communities in Johnstown, PA, 1890-1930s”. Journal of Social History, 16;75-107.
69.
Morawska, E. 1985. For Bread With Butter: Life-Worlds of East Central Europeans in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1890-1940. Cambridge and New York. Cambridge University Press.
70.
Newby, H. 1977. The Deferential Worker. A Study of Farm Workers in East Anglia. London. Allen Lane.
71.
Pamietniki .Emigrantów. Stany Zjednoczone. 1977. 2 vols. Warsaw. Ksiaźka i Wiedza.
72.
Peles, R. 1974. “Labor Interlude: Johnstown, 1919”, seminar paper, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown.
73.
Peles, R. 1975. “Crisis in Johnstown: the `Little Steel' Strike, 1937”, seminar paper, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown.
74.
Piore, M.J. 1979. Birds of Passage. Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge and New York. Cambridge University Press.
75.
Portes, A., Parker, R.N. and Cobas, J.A.1980. “Assimilation and Consciousness: Perceptions of U.S. Society Among Recent Latin American Immigrants to the United States”, Social Forces, 59;200-224.
76.
Portes, A.1984. “The Rise of Ethnicity: Determinants of Ethnic Perceptions Among Cuban Exiles in Miami”, American Sociological Review, 49;383-397.
77.
Puskaś, J. 1982. From Hungary to the United States, 1880-1914. Budapest. Akademiai Kiado.
78.
Roberts, K., Cook, F.G., Clark, S.C., and Semeonoff, E., 1978. The Fragmentary Class Structure. London. Humanities Press.
79.
Rodgers, D.T. 1978. The Work Ethnic in Industrial America, 1850-1920. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press.
Sanders, I. and Morawska, E. 1975. Polish-American Community Life. Boston. Boston University: The Community Sociology Monograph Series. II.
82.
Saposs, J. 1919. “How the Rank and File Workers View the Strike”. Interchurch World Movement. Commission of Inquiry into the 1919 Steel Strike. Blankenhorn Papers. Archives of the Industrial Society. University of Pittsburgh.
83.
Slomka, J. 1941. From Serfdom to Self-Government. Memoirs of a Polish Village Mayor, 1842-1927. London. Minerva Publishing Company.
84.
Soule, G. 1920. “History of the Strike in Johnstown”. Interchurch World Movement. Commission of Inquiry into the 1919 Steel Strike. Blankenhorn Papers. Archives of the Industrial Society. University of Pittsburgh.
85.
St Stephen Slovak Catholic School, Johnstown, PA, permanent roll, 1900-1918.
86.
Stolarik, M.M. 1977. “Immigration, Education, and the Social Mobility of Slovaks, 1870-1930” in R.M. Miller and T.D. Marzik, eds., Immigrants and Religion in Urban America. Philadelphia. Temple University Press.
87.
Stone, C.1973. “The Origins of Job Structures in the Steel Industry”, Radical America, 7;19-67.
88.
Thompson, E.P. 1978. The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays. New York and London. Monthly Review Press.
89.
U.S. Congress, Reports of The Immigration Commission. 1911. Immigrants in Industries. Pt.2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing, 2 vols., 61st Congress, 2nd Session, Sen. Doc. 633, “Community A” (Johnstown, PA).
90.
Warriner, D. ed., 1965. Contrasts in Emerging Societies. Readings in the Social and Economic History of South Eastern Europe in the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington. The University of Indiana Press.
91.
Willener, A. 1957. Images de la Société et Classes Sociales. Berne. Impr. Staempfli.
92.
Williams, B.T. and Yates, M. 1976. Upward Struggle. A Bicentennial Tribute to Labor in Cambria and Somerset Counties. Johnstown. Bicentennial Committee.
93.
Witos, W. 1964. Moje Wspomnienia, 2 vols. Paris. Biblioteka Kultury.
94.
Znaniecki-Lopata, H. 1976. Polish Americans. Status Competition in an Ethnic Community. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
