1. Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1973.

2. Castles and Kosack find the concept of `housing classes', developed by Rex and Moore, a `valuable' and `useful analytical tool', but regard these as only constituting a `sub-system, conditioned by and interacting with the occupational class-system', not as a separate system of classes, giving rise to a `dualistic' class-system. The criteria used by Rex and Moore, in any case, they note, are `basically economic ones, related to size of income, type of income, and security of employment' (op. cit., p. 3 16).

3. Analogies not only with South African Blacks, but with an even more formally-defined category of unfree labour, prisoners of war and others forcibly recruited by Germany in World War II (I 8M prisoners of war alone), have not escaped commentators. `Every fourth tank, lorry, field gun, every fourth piece of ammunition was made by the hands of a foreigner in 1944' (quoted by Castles and Kosack, p. 23). This foreign labour-force also, of course, included large numbers of workers recruited through the labour market in the usual way. Lest it be thought that the analogy is purely emotive, it should be noted that at the beginning of the postwar immigration-flow, a number of Italian, Greek and Spanish workers in West Germany were actually housed in the huts of the former Dachau concentration camp. `Many of the wardens of many German hostels', too, `gained their experience of "dealing with foreign workers" during the War' (op. cit., p. 262).

4. John Rex, `The Concept of Race in Sociological Theory', in S. Zubaida, (ed.), Race and Racialism, Tavistock, 1970, p. 39.

5. see Table I, in Ashish Bose, Urbanization in India: an inventory of source materials, Academic Books, Bombay, 1970, p. 64. During the ig51-61 decade the rate of urban growth actually decreased as compared with 1941-51 (from 41.4% to 34%)—still massive enough. Not surprisingly, the percentage of families below the Poverty Line in an industrial city like Sholapur increased from 84% in 1938 to 93% (sic) in 1955 (op. cit. pp. 74-5).

6. see my `Frantz Fanon and the `Lumpenproletariat',' Socialist Register 1972 (eds.) R. Miliband and J. Saville, Merlin Press, 1972, pp. 193-230).

7. T. G. McGee, `Peasants in the Cities: a paradox, a most ingenious paradox', Human Organization, Vol. 32, No. 2, Summer 1973, pp. 135-142.

Book Review: Proletarians,Sub-Proletarians,Lumpenproletarians,Marginalidados,Migrants,Urban Peasants and Urban Poor

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