Over 60 Buddhist communities and institutions reside in Toronto, Canada, representing a diversity of ethnic, linguistic, national and doctrinal differences. This paper examines the re-creation and redefinitions of Buddhist identities among several of these groups, reflecting the interplay of local, national and global contexts. From a local perspective, similar to the religious adaptation of other minority ethno-religious groups in Canada, adherence to traditional beliefs and practices has played a dynamic role in the adjustment process of Buddhist immigrants and refugees. Buddhist identities have been significantly altered and redefined within the various communities, most notably in innovative forms of worship and ritual services, in new models of social interaction and affiliation, and in transformed authority patterns and gender roles for both Sangha and laity. Consequently, there is enormous differentiation among Buddhist groups, even those which share ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, calling into question issues of authenticity and representation.
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