The Sacred Groves of South India: Ecology,Traditional Communities and Religious Change

Abstract

References

Banwari (1992) Pañcavati: Indian Approach to Environment, trans. Asha Vohra. Delhi: Shri Vinayaka Publications.

Brandis, D. (1897) Indian Forestry: Working. Oriental Institute.

Brandis, D. and Grant, I.P. (1868) Joint report no. 33, dated 11th May, 1868, on the kans in the Sorab taluka. Shimoga: Forest Department.

Buchanan, F. (1870) A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar, Vol. 2. Madras: Higginbothams.

Buchy, M. (1993) “Quest for a Sustainable Forest Management: A Study of the Working Plans of North Canara District (1890-1945)”, in Ajay S. Rawat (ed.) Indian Forestry: A Perspective, pp. 141-162. New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company.

Burman, J.J. Roy (1992) “The Institution of Sacred Grove”, Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society 27: 219-238.

Caratini, M. , Fontugne, M. , Pascal, J.P. , Tiscot, C. and Bentaleb, I. (1991) “A Major Change at ca. 3500 Years BP in the Vegetation of the Western Ghats in North Kanara, Karnataka”, Current Science 61 (9/10): 669-672.

Chandran, M.D. Subash (1993) “Vegetational Changes in the Evergreen Forest Belt of Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka State”, PhD thesis, Karnatak University, Dharwad.

Chandran, M.D. Subash (1995) “Peasant Perception of Bhutas: Uttara Kannada”, in Kapila Vatsyayan and Baidyanath Saraswati (eds) Prakrti: The Integral Vision, Vol. 1, Primal Elements: The Oral Tradition, pp. 151-166. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.

10.

Chandran, M.D. Subash (1997) “Shifting Cultivation in the Western Ghats and the Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy”, in Richard Grove , Vinita Damodaran and Satpal Sangwan (eds) Nature and the Orient: Essays on the Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming.

11.

Chandran, M.D. Subash and Gadgil, M. (1993a) “Kans—Safety Forests of Uttara Kannada”, in M. Brandl (ed.) Proceedings of the IUFRO Forest History Group Meeting on Peasant Forestry 2-5 September, 1991, No. 40, pp. 49-57. Freiburg: Forstliche Versuchs-und Forschungsanstalt.

12.

Chandran, M.D. Subash and Gadgil, M. (1993b) Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada (A Pilot Study). New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.

13.

Collins, G.F.S. (1922) A Report on the General Condition of Forest Administration in Siddapur taluka, 15 June 1922. Karwar: Forest Settlement Office.

14.

Daniels, R.J. Ranjit (1989) “A Conservation Strategy for the Birds of Uttara Kannada District”, PhD thesis, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

15.

Daniels, R.J. Ranjit, Chandran , M.D. Subash and Gadgil, M. (1993) “A Strategy for Conserving the Biodiversity of the Uttara Kannada District in South India”, Environmental Conservation 20(2) (Summer): 131-138.

16.

Daniels, R.J. Ranjit , Joshi, N.V. and Gadgil, M. (1992) “On the Relationship between Bird and Woody Plant Species Diversity in the Uttara Kannada District of South India”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89 (June): 5311-5315.

17.

Forman, R.T.T. and Gordon, M. (1986) Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

18.

Frazer, J.G. (1890) The Golden Bough: The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, 3rd edn, 12 volumes, reprinted in 1935. New York: Macmillan.

19.

Gadgil, M. (1992) “Conserving Biodiversity as if People Matter: A Case Study from India”, Ambio 21(3) (May): 266-270.

20.

Gadgil, M. and Chandran, M.D. Subash (1988) “On the History of Uttara Kannada Forests”, in J. Dargavel , K. Dixon and N. Semple (eds) Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Asia, Australasia and Oceania, pp. 47-58. Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies.

21.

Gadgil, M. and Chandran, M.D. Subash (1992) “Sacred Groves”, India International Quarterly 19(1-2) (Spring-Summer): 183-187.

22.

Gadgil, M. and Guha, R. (1992) This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

23.

Gadgil, M. and Vartak, V.D. (1975) “Sacred Groves of India: a Plea for Continued Conservation”, Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 72: 314-320.

24.

Gadgil, M. and Vartak, V.D. (1976) “The Sacred Groves of Western Ghats in India”, Economic Botany 30: 152-160.

25.

Gadgil, M. and Vartak, V.D. (1994) “The Sacred Uses of Nature”, in Ramachandra Guha (ed.) Economic Botany, pp. 82-89. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

26.

Government of Bombay (1923) Revenue Department Resolution No. 7211 (May).

27.

Harris, L.D. (1984) The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

28.

Hughes, J.D. (1994) Pan's Travail: Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

29.

Hughes, J.D. and Swan, J. (1986) “How Much of the Earth is Sacred Space?” Environmental Review 10(4) (Winter): 247-259.

30.

Induchoodan, N.C. (1988) “Ecological Studies of a Sacred Grove (Iringole, near Perumbavoor)”, MSc thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur.

31.

Joshi, N.V. and Gadgil, M. (1991) “On the Role of Refugia in Promoting Prudent Use of Biological Resources”, Theoretical Population Biology 40: 211-229.

32.

Kamath, S.U. (1985) Gazetteer of India. Bangalore: Uttara Kannada Government of Karnataka.

33.

Nayar, P.K.B. (1987) Religion, Mythology and the Ecosystem, Report submitted to the Department of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi.

34.

Radhakrishnan, S. (1949) The Hindu View of Life. New York: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

35.

Seabrook, J. (1995) Notes from Another India. London: Pluto Press.

36.

Shanmukhappa, G. (1966) Working Plan for the Unorganized Forests of Sirsi and Siddapur. Bangalore: Karnataka Forest Department.

37.

Thapar, R. (1979) Ancient Indian Social History. New Delhi: Orient Longman.

38.

Thippeswami, S.C. (1963) Sirsi Town Firewood Supply Plan. Bangalore: Government of Mysore.

39.

Unnikrishnan, E. (1995) Utharakeralthle Visudhavanangal—Oru Paristhiti—Nadodisamskara Padanam (Malayalam) (Sacred Groves of North Kerala—an Eco-folklore Study). Jeevarekha, Trissur, Kerala.

40.

Wingate, R.T. (1888) Settlement Proposals of 16 Villages of Kumta taluk No. 210, December. Karwar, India: Forest Settlement Office.