1. See Chapter 9 of Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran, New York, Oxford University Press, 1988.

2. See my Introduction to Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism, Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1988.

3. Arjomand, op. cit. Note 2, pp. 192-3, 207 note 68.

4. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 22 Day 1366/12 January 1988.

5. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 19 Day 1366/9 January 1988.

6. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 26 Day 1366/16 January 1988.

7. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 27 Day 1366/17 January 1988.

8. Kayhan-e Hava'i, 7 Bahman 1366/27 January 1988.

9. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 1 Isfand 1366/20 February 1988.

10. Arjomand, op. cit. Note 2, p. 196.

11. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 28 Azar and 5 Day 1366/19 and 26 December 1988.

12. See S. Bakhash, “Islam and Social Justice in Iran”, in M. Kramer (ed.), Shi'ism, Resistance and Revolution, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1987, pp. 104-5.

13. Ibid., p. 108.

14. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 23 Day 1366/13 January 1988.

15. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 24 Day 1366/14 January 1988.

16. Reported in the special section on combatting profiteering and hoarding in Jomhuri-ye Islami.

17. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 12 Khurdad 1366/2 June 1988.

18. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 29 Day 1366/19 January 1988.

19. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 30 Day 1366/20 January 1988.

20. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 18 Bahman 1366/7 February 1988.

21. Kayhan-e Hava'i, 5 Isfand 1366/24 February 1988. The first ordinance of the Committee, concerning land inside cities, was issued on 5 April 1988. (Jomhuri-ye Islami, 18 Farvardin 1367/7 April 1988)

22. This point was emphasized by Prosecutor General Khoiniha on 29 Bahman 1366/18 February 1988. (Kayhah-e Hava'i, 12 Isfand 1366/2 March 1988)

23. Ibid.

24. Many examples can be given but two should suffice. The distinguished Orientalist, Gustav von Grunebaum, insisted that for the Muslims Allah is not only spiritually supreme but “also the mundane head of his community which he not only rules but governs”. See Medieval Islam, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1954, p. 12. The eminent fundamentalist thinker, Ayatollah Murtada Mutahhari, considered theocracy the essence of Islam and rejected “the colonialist idea of separation of religion from politics”. Cited in Arjomand, op. cit. Note 1, pp. 179-80.

25. Especially in The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order and Societal Change in Shi'ite Iran from the Beginning to 1890, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1984.

26. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 27 Day 1366/17 January 1988.

27. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 29 Day 1366/19 January 1988.

28. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 1 Isfand 1366/20 February 1988.

29. Cited in S. Akhavi, “Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, Middle East Journal 41(2), Spring 1987, pp. 191-2.

30. Jomhuri-ye Islami, 29 Day 1366/19 January 1988.

31. See Arjomand, op. cit. Note 1, pp. 184-8.

32. A. de Tocqueville, Ancien Régime and the Revolution, (S. Gilbert, trans.), Garden City, NY, Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1955.

33. B. de Jouvenel, On Power (J.F. Huntington, trans.), Boston, MA, Beacon Press, 1962, Ch. XII.

34. Arjomand, op. cit. Note 1, p. 173.

The Rule of God in Iran

Abstract