The evolution of Japanese religious attitudes mirrors to a great extent the changes in relations between the religious institutions and the state. Between the Meiji era and today these changes have been considerable, particularly since the Japanese military defeat. Before American occupation, the hegemony of state religion (State Shintoism) paradoxically alienated people from religious organizations. After the dismantling of Japanese “theocracy” and the separation of the state from the church, Japanese people rediscovered religion in the social and private sphere. Put another way, Japanese citizens rediscovered their gods thanks to the divorce of state and religion.
References
1.
Berthon, J.-P. (1995) “Les grands courants religieux”, in J.-F. Sabouret (éd.) L'Etat au Japon, pp. 283-287. Paris: Editions La Découverte.
2.
Gillis, J.-R. (ed.) (1997) Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3.
Horio, Teruhisa (1993) L'education au Japon. Paris: Editions CNRS.
4.
Inoue, Nobutaka (1999) “From Religious Conformity to Innovation”, unpublished plenary communication, 25th Conference of the International Society for the Sociology of Religion, Leuven, July.
5.
Kawamura, Kunihiko (1991), in Sekai Shukyo Daijiten, pp. 16-20.
6.
Mase, Hiromasa (1996) Ecology to Shukyo. Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
7.
Ministry of Education (1995) Shukyo Nenkan [Religious Yearbook]. Tokyo: Agency for Cultural Affairs.
8.
Neusner, Jacob (ed.) (1994) World Religions in America: An Introduction. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.
9.
Nihon Hyakka Jiten (1993). Tokyo: Kodansha.
10.
Nihon Shukyo Jiten (1984). Tokyo: Kobun-dô.
11.
Ômura, Eisho (1996) Gendai shakai to shukyo. Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten.
12.
Ranger, Terence and Hobsbawm, E.J. (eds) (1992) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13.
Rausch, David A. and Voss, Carl Hermann (1993) World Religions: Our Quest for Meaning. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International.
14.
Reid, D. (1991) “Japanese Religions”, in John R. Hinnells (ed.) A Handbook of Living Religions, pp. 372-389. New York: Penguin Books.
15.
Reishauer, Edwin O. (1988) The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
16.
Rutherford, Scott (ed.) (1998) East Asia. London: Apa Publications.
17.
Sabouret, Jean-François (ed.) (1995) L'Etat au Japon. Paris: Editions La Découverte.
18.
Sekai Shukyo Daijiten (1991). Tokyo: Heibon-sha.
19.
Shiose, Yuki (1997) “Organisation et représentation: La transmission scolaire au Canada et au Japon”, Recherches Sociologiques3: 79-100.
20.
Shiose, Yuki (1998) “La symbiose centre-périphérie: L'éducation au Japon”, in Anne Van Haecht (éd.) L'Etat, l'éducation, et le local: Education et Sociétés, pp. 141-156. Paris No. 1.
21.
Shiose, Yuki (2000) “L'Etat définit l'ethnie et la religion: le cas canadien”, in R. Lemieux and J. Zylberberg (eds) La régulation des croyances: De l'état de la religion à la religion de l'Etat, Cahiers de recherche en sciences de la religion, Vol. 13, pp. 445-498.
22.
Shiose, Yuki and Zylberberg, J. (1997) “Jesus Says, Order Children: Ethnography of a Catholic Classroom”, in L. Tepperman (ed.) Small World: International Readings in Sociology, pp. 212-219. Toronto: Prentice Hall.
23.
Shiose, Yuki and Zylberberg, J. (1998) “L'identité culturelle et l'État anthropologue”, in K. Fall (ed.) Champ multiculturel, transactions interculturelles: des théories, des pratiques, des analyses. Paris: Harmattan.
24.
Tajfel, Henri (1981) “Insiders and Outsiders”, in H. Tajfel, Human Groups and Social Categories, pp. 165-220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25.
Toida, Dôzô (1996) Nihonjin no Kamisama. Tokyo: Chikuma gakugei bunko.
26.
Yamaori, Testsuo (1995) Nihonjin to Jôdo. Tokyo: Kodansha gakujutsu bunko.
