Human social systems are the most complex systems that we can conceive of, as interaction among their members is by messages that have to interpreted before they can take any effect – and the interpretation of identical messages sent and received in identical situations can have divergent effects as human actors have long-term memories, which makes the effects highly path dependent. The emergent phenomena in human social systems are therefore even more difficult to understand than related phenomena in anthills or chemical systems. This paper introduces models of immergence and second-order emergence to explain the innovation of norms in human groups of moderate size – as opposed to the emergent phenomena in human crowds, which are quite similar to the phenomena that can be observed in physical and animal systems. Modeling the innovation of norms and norm systems makes it necessary for interactions between model agents to be manifold and path dependent, that is agents have a long memory and deliberation capabilities. This is shown with an example from modeling criminal or terrorist behavior.
HelbingD. A mathematical model for the behavior of pedestrians. Behav Sci1991; 36: 298–310.
2.
HelbingD. Quantitative sociodynamics. Stochastic models of social interaction processes. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994.
3.
HelbingDJohanssonA. Quantitative Agent-based modeling of human interactions in space and time. In: Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the European Social Simulation Association (ESSA2007), Toulouse, 2007, pp.623–637.
JohanssonAHelbingDAl-AbideenHZAl-BostaS. From crowd dynamics to crowd safety. A video-based analysis. Adv Complex Syst2008; 11: 497–s527.
6.
HołystJA. Interacting networks. Complex societal dynamics: security challenges and opportunities. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2010, to appear.
7.
SienkiewiczJHołystJA. Nonequilibrium phase transition due to isolation of communities. Phys Rev E2009; 80: 036103.
8.
JagerWPoppingRvan de SandeH. Clustering and fighting in two-party crowds: simulating the approach-avoidance conflict. J Artif Soc Soc Simulat2001; Available at: jass.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/3/7.html.
9.
WijermansNJornaRJagerWvan VlietT. Modelling crowd dynamics. Influence factors related to the probability of a riot. In: AmblardF (ed.) Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Simulation of Social Phenomena. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the European Social Simulation Association. Toulouse: IRIT editions, 2007, pp.529–541.
10.
WijermansNJagerWvan VlietTJornaR. Modelling the dynamics of motivational and situated behaviour. In: Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on Social Simulation, July, Fairfax, VA, 2008.
11.
ColemanJS. The foundations of social theory. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
12.
HedströmP. Dissecting the social. On the principles of analytic sociology. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
13.
DurkheimÉ. The rules of sociological method and selected texts in sociology and its methods. London: MacMillan, 1895/1982, Edited with an Introduction by LukesS, translated by HallsWD.
14.
CastelfranchiCSimulating with cognitive agents: the importance of cognitive emergence. Multi-agent systems and agent-based simulation. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
15.
GilbertN. Emergence in social simulation. Artificial societies. The Computer simulation of social life. London: UCL Press, 1995.
TurriniPMeyerJ-JChCastelfranchiC. Coping with shame and guilt: a dynamic logic account. Auton Agents Multi-Agent Syst2010; 20: 401–420.
18.
ParisiDLettieriN. Socially damaging behaviours. Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Istituto per lo sviluppo della formazione professionale dei lavoratori, and Università del Sannio, Roma. Presentation given at the first DyLeg Workshop, 16 April 2010. Private communication.
19.
LotzmannUMöhringM. A TRASS-based agent model for traffic simulation. In: Proceedings of the 22th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation (EMCS), Nicosia, Cyprus, 2008.
20.
MöhringMLotzmannU. Simulating normative behaviour and norm formation processes. In: Proceedings of the 23rd European Conference on Modelling and Simulation, Madrid, 9–12 June 2009, pp.187–193.
21.
LotzmannUMöhringM. Simulating norm formation – an operational approach. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS 2009), Budapest, 2009, pp.1323–1324.
TroitzschKG. Multiagent systems and simulation: a survey from an application perspective. Agents, simulation and applications. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis, 2009, pp.57–80.
24.
TroitzschKG. Simulating collaborative writing: software agents produce a Wikipedia. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the European Social Simulation Association (ESSA), Brescia, 1–5 September 2008.
25.
TroitzschKG. Perspectives and challenges of agent-based simulation as a tool for economics and other social sciences. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2009), Budapest, 10–15 May 2009, pp.35–42.
26.
LotzmannUMöhringM. Actor and Observer processes of normative agents in social simulations. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual European Simulation and Modelling Conference, Leicester: EUROSIS-ETI, 26–28 October 2009, pp.332–336.
27.
NorthMJCollierNTVosJR. Experiences creating three implementations of the repast agent modeling toolkit. ACM Trans Model Comput Simulat2006; 16(1): 1–25.
28.
LotzmannU. Design and implementation of a framework for the integrated simulation of traffic participants of all types. 2nd European Modelling and Simulation Symposium (EMSS2006). Gent: SCS, Barcelona, 2–4 October 2006.
29.
BungeM. Ontology II: A world of systems. Treatise on basic philosophy. Vol. 4, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979.
30.
NorthMJTataraECollierNTOzikJ. Visual agent-based model development with repast simphony. In: Proceedings of the Agent 2007 Conference on Complex Interaction and Social Emergence, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, November 2007.
31.
dos AnjosPLMoralesFGarcíaI. Towards analysing social norms in microfinance groups. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR), Barcelona, 2008.
32.
AndrighettoGCampennìMConteRCecconiF. Conformity in multiple contexts: imitation vs. norm recognition. World Congress on Social Simulation, Fairfax, VA, 14–17, July, 2008.
