Since random early detection (RED) was proposed in 1993, many active queue management (AQM) algorithms have been proposed to support better end-to-end Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control. In this article, the authors introduce and analyze a feedback control model of the TCP/AQM dynamics. Then they suggest the concept of an AQM algorithm that can detect and avoid congestion proactively. Finally, they propose the proportional-integral (PI) proportional-derivative (PD) controller using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback control to overcome the reactive control behavior of existing AQM proposals. The PI-PD controller is able to provide proactive congestion avoidance and control using an adaptive congestion indicator and a control function. A comparative simulation study under a variety of network environments shows that the PI-PD controller outperforms RED and the PI controller in terms of the queue length dynamics, the packet loss rates, and the link utilization.
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