Modelling of thermofluid systems is complex because of the coupling of thermal and hydraulic energies. Bond graph language is a suitable tool for modelling such nonlinearmultienergy domain systems along with their control systems. Structural control properties of the system can be determined using the causal properties of bond graphs, without resorting to any formal computation. An ontology for classifying thermofluid process components is presented in this article, along with connection syntax and model validation algorithms. Then the theory for structural analysis is used to design sensor placements for observability and also for component fault detection and isolation. This study also deals with developing a bond graph–based model representation mechanism to perform structurallevel linking of submodels.The methodology developed is applied to two example systems. Simulation of process faults is used to validate the theoretically obtained fault signatures for a thermofluid system in the second example.
Paynter, H. M.1961. Analysis and design of engineering systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
2.
Thoma, J. U.1975. Introduction to bond graphs and their application. NewYork: Pergamon .
3.
Mukherjee, A. , and R. Karmakar . 2000. Modelling and simulation of engineering systems through bond graphs. Pangbourne, UK: Alpha Sciences International .
4.
Karnopp, D. C. , D. C. Margolis , and R. Rosenberg . 1990. Systems dynamics: A unified approach. NewYork: JohnWiley .
5.
Mukherjee, A. , and A. K. Samantaray . 2001. System modelling through bond graph objects on SYMBOLS 2000 . Proceedings of ICBGM 200133(1): 164-170 .
6.
Cellier, F. E. , and J. Greifeneder . 2003. Object-oriented modeling of convective flows using the Dymola thermo-bond-graph library . Proceedings of ICBGM’0335(2): 89-103 .
7.
Cauvin, S. , M. O. Cordier , C. Dousson , P. Laborie , F. LÈvy , J. Montmain , M. Porcheron , I. Servet , and L. TravÈ-MassuyËs . 1998. Monitoring and alarm interpretation in industrial environments . AI Communications Journal: The European Journal on Artificial Intelligence11(3-4): 139-173 .
8.
Heim, B. , S. Gentil , B. Celse , S. Cauvin , and L. TravÈ-MassuyËs . 2003. FCC diagnosis using several causal and knowledge based models. In Proceedings of SAFEPROCESS 2003, edited by M. Staroswiecki and N. EvaWu , 711-716. IFAC.
9.
Feenstra, J. , P. J. Mosterman , G. Biswas , and P. C. Breedveld . 2001. Bond graph modeling procedures for fault detection and isolation of complex flow processes . Proceedings of ICBGM’0133(1): 77-82 .
10.
Mosterman, P. J. , and G. Biswas . 1999. Diagnosis of continuous valued systems in transient operating regions . IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernatics29(6): 554-565 .
11.
Thoma, J. U. , and B. Ould Bouamama . 2000. Modelling and simulation in thermal and chemical engineering: Bond graph approach. NewYork: Springer Verlag .
12.
Borst, P. , H. Akkermans , and J. Top . 1997. Engineering ontologies . International Journal of Human-Computer Studies46(2-3): 365-406 .
13.
Pos, A. , P. Borst , H. Akkermans , and J. Top . 1996. Reusability of simulation models . Knowledge-Based Systems9(2): 119-125 .
14.
Staroswiecki, M. , and G. Comtet-Varga . 2001. Analytical redundancy relations for fault detection and isolation in algebraic dynamic systems . Automatica37: 687-699 .
15.
Patton, R. J. , P. M. Frank , and R. N. Clark . 1989. Fault diagnosis in dynamic systems: Theory and application. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall .
16.
Sueur, C. , and G. Dauphin-Tanguy . Bond-graph approach for structural analysis of MIMO linear systems . Journal of the Franklin Institute328(1): 55-70 .
17.
Dauphin-Tanguy , G., A. Rahmani , and C. Sueur . 1999. Bond graph aided design of controlled systems . Simulation Practice and Theory7(5-6): 493-513 .
18.
Tagina, M. , J. P. Cassar , G. Dauphin-Tanguy , and M. Staroswiecki . 1995. Monitoring of systems modelled by bond graph . Proceedings of ICBGM’9527(1): 275-280 .
19.
Kohda, T. , H. Katsube , H. Fujihara , and K. Inoue . 1993. Identification of system failure causes using bond graph models . IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics5: 269-274 .
20.
Kohda, T. , K. Inoue , and H. Asama . 2001. Computer aided failure analysis using system bond graphs . Proceedings of ICBGM’0133(1): 71-76 .
21.
Wang, H. , and D. Linkens . 1996. Intelligent supervisory control: A qualitative bond graph reasoning approach. World Scientific Publishing .
22.
Linkens, D. , and H. Wang . 1995. Qualitative bond graph reasoning in control engineering: II. Fault diagnosis . Proceedings of ICBGM’9527(1): 189-194 .
23.
Ould Bouamama, B. , A. K. Samantaray , M. Staroswiecki , and G. Dauphin-Tanguy . 2003. Causality inversion approach in derivation of analytical redundancy relations for fault detection and isolation . Proceedings of ICBGM’0335(2): 104-109 .
24.
Sia, K. , and A. Naamane . 2003. Bond graph: A suitable tool for component fault diagnosis . Proceedings of ICBGM’0335(2): 89-103 .
25.
Feliot, C. , M. Staroswiecki , and J. P. Cassar . 1996. Towards a formal language of physical systems . In IEEE International Conference on “Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,”SMC’96, Beijing, China, vol. 4, pp. 2768-2773 .
26.
Feliot, C. 1997. ModÈlisation de SystËmes Complexes: IntÈgration et Formalisation de ModËles. Ph.D. diss., UniversitÈdes sciences et technologies de Lille.
27.
Broenink, J. F.1999. 20-Sim software for hierarchical bondgraph/block-diagram models . Simulation Practice and Theory7(5-6): 481-492 .
28.
Granda, J. J.2002. The role of bond graph modeling and simulation in mechatronics systems: An integrated software tool: CAMP-G, MATLAB–SIMULINK . Mechatronics12(9-10): 1271-1295 .
29.
Granda, J. J.2003. The CAMP-G/MATLAB-SIMULINK computer generated solution of bond graph derivative causality . Proceedings of ICBGM’0335(2): 163-171 .
30.
Ould Bouamama, B.2003. Bond graph approach as analysis tool in thermo-fluid model library conception . Journal of the Franklin Institute340: 1-23 .
31.
Bayart, M. , E. Lemaire , M. A. PÈraldi , and C. AndrÈ . 1999. External model and SyncCharts description of an automobile cruise control system . Control Engineering Practice7(10): 1259-1267 .
32.
Cacho, R. , J. Felez , and C. Vera . 2000. Deriving simulation models from bond graphs with algebraic loops: The extension to multibond graph systems . Journal of the Franklin Institute337(5): 579-600 .
33.
Staroswiecki, M.2000. Quantitative and qualitative models for fault detection and isolation . Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing14(3): 301-325 .
34.
Ould Bouamama, B. , K. Medjaher , M. Bayart , and A. K. Samantaray . Forthcoming. Fault detection and isolation of smart actuators using bond graphs and external models. Control Engineering Practice.
35.
Basseville, M. , and I. V. Nikiforov . 1993. Detection of abrupt changes: Theory and application. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall .
