Invasive Soft-Tissue Streptococcal Infection

Ispahani P Donald FE Aveline AJD . Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia: an old enemy subdued, but not defeated. J Infect 1988; 16: 37–4

Stevens DL Tanner MH Winship J Swarts R Ries KM Schlievert PM Kaplan E . Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1–7

Dan M Maximova S Siegman-Igra Y Gutman R Rotmensch HH . Varied presentations of sporadic group A streptococcal bacteraemia: Clinical experience and attempt at classification. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 537–542

Cone LA Woodward DR Schlievert PM Tomory GS . Clinical and\bacteriological observations of a toxic shock like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 146–149.

Gaworzewska E Coleman G . Changes in the pattern of infection caused by Streptococus pyogenes. Epidemiol Infect 1988; 100: 257–269.

Ferrieri P Kaplan EL . Invasive group A streptococcal infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1992; 6: 149–161.

Wong VK Wright HT Jr. Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci as a cause of bacteraemia in children. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 831–833

Bartter T Dascal A . The “toxic strep syndrome” severe group A streptococcal disease in the absence of bacteremia. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1204–1205

Stollerman GH . Changing group A streptococci: The reappearance of streptococcal “toxic shock”. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1268–1270.

Taylor AKM . Community outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infection Br J Clin Pract 1990 44: 523–524

Waghorn DJ Kelly TWJ . Fatal septicaemia with group A streptococcal infection in previously healthy subjects. J Infect 1988; 17: 184–185.

Wheeler MC Roe MH Kaplan EL Schlievert PM Todd JK . Outbreak of group A streptococcus septicemia in children. Clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiological correlates. JAMA 1991; 266: 533–537.

Wood TF Potter MA Jonasson O . Streptococcal shock-like syndrome: The importance of surgical intervention. Ann Surg 1993; 217: 109–114.

Perez-Casal JF Dillon HF Husmann LK Graham B Scott JR . Virulence of two Streptococcus pyogenes strains (types M1 and M3) associated with toxic-shock-like syndrome depends on an intact mry-like gene. Infect Immunity 1993; 61: 5426–5430.

Rubin M Hathorn JW Marshall D Gress J Steinberg M Pizzo PA . Gram-positive infections and the use of vancomycin in 550 episodes of fever and neutropenia. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 30–35.

Adams EM Gudmundsson S Yocum DE Haselby RC Craig WA Sunderstrom WR . Streptococcal myositis. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 1020–1023.

Ahrenholz DH . Necrotising soft-tissue infections. Surg Clin N Amer 1988; 68: 199–214

Barker FG Leppard B Seal DV . Streptococcal necrotising fasciitis comparison between histological and clinical features. J Clin Pathol 1987; 40: 335–341.

Kingston D Seal DV . Current hypotheses on synergistic microbial gangrene. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 260–264

Donaldson PMW Naylor B Lowe JW Gouldesbrough DR . Rapidly fatal necrotising fasciitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes . J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 617–620.

Asfar SK Baraka A Juma T Ma'Rafie A Aladeen T Al Sayer H . Necrotizing fasciitis. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 838–840.

Woodburn KR Ramsay G Gillespie G Miller DF . Retroperitoneal necrotising fasciitis. Br J surg 1992; 79: 342–344.

Weinbren MJ Perinpanayagam RM . Streptococcal necrotising fasciitis. J Infect 1992; 25: 299–302.

Scott SD Dawes RFH Tata JJT Royle GT Karran SJ . The practical management of Fournier's gangrene. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1988, 70: 16–20

Holdsworth RJ Smith D Parratt D Gunn A . Treatment of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection with vancomycin. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1994; 39: 185–188.

Bernard P Bedane C Mounier M Denis F Catanzano G Bonnetblanc JM . Streptococcal cause of erysipelas and cellulitis in adults. A microbiologic study using direct immunofluorescence technique. Arch ermatol 1989; 125: 779–782

Kaufhold A Podielski A Baumgarten G Blokpoel M Top J Schouls L . Rapid typing of group A Streptococci by use of DNA amplification and non- radioactive allele specific oligonucleotide probes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1984; 119: 19–25.

Black CM Talkington DF Messmer TO Facklam RR Hornes E Olsvik O . Detection of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin genes by nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Probes 1993; 7: 255–259.

Bourbeau P Campos JM . Current antibiotic susceptibility of group A Beta hemolytic streptococci. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 916.

Stevens DL Gibbons AE Bergstrom R Winn V . The Eagle effect revisited: Efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 1988: 158: 23–28.

Eagle H . Experimental approach to the problem of treatment failure with penicillin. I. Group A streptococcal infection in mice. Am J Med 1952; 13, 389–399.

Stevens DL Yan S Bryant AE . Penicillin-binding protein expression at different growth stages determines penicillin efficacy in vitro and in vivo: An explanation for the inoculum effect. J Infect Dis 1993, 167: 1401–1405.

Phillips G Parratt D Orange GV Harper I McEwan H Young N . Erythromy-cin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes . J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 25: 723–724.

LeFrock JL Abdolghader M Randall AP . Clindamycin. Med Clin North Am 1982; 66: 103–120.

McHenry MC Gavan TL . Vancomycin. PediatrClinNorth Am 1982; 30: 31–47

Simpson AJH Jumaa PA Prentice MB . Necrotising fasciitis. Lancet 1994: 344: 67.

Brunet F Vedel G Dreyfus F Vaxelaire JF Giraud T Schremmer B Monsallier JF . Failure of teicoplanin therapy in two neutropenic patients with staphylococcal septicemia who recovered after administration of vancomycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990; 9: 145–147.