This study confirms previous reports of a seasonal variation in morbidity and mortality from coronary and cerebral arterial disease; these disorders are much less common in summer (e.g. July and August) than in winter (e.g. December and January). In coronary disease the shape of the curve for the annual morbidity is different from that for annual mortality and possible reasons for this are discussed. A similar circannual rhythm has been shown for venous thrombo-embolic disease.
BennettN. B.OgstonC. M.McAndrewG. M.OgstonD., (1966). Studies on the fibrinolytic enzyme system in obesity. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 19, 241.
3.
BrownH. R.Jnr.PearsonR. (1948). Seasonal variations in heart and coronary disease as related to various environmental factors. American Heart Journal, 35, 763.
4.
BullG. M. (1973). Meteorological correlates with myocardial and cerebral infarction and respiratory disease. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 27, 108.
5.
Consumer's Expenditure (March 1978). Central Statistical Office: H.M. Stationery Office.
6.
DoyleJ. T.KinchS. H.BrownD. F. (1965). Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol concentration. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 18, 657.
7.
DunniganM. G.HarlandW. A.FyfeT. (1970). Seasonal incidence and mortality of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet, 2, 793.
8.
Du RuisseauJ. P. (1965). Seasonal variation of PBI in healthy Montrealers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25, 1513.
9.
EasthamR. D.AvisP. R. D. (1966). Seasonal fluctuation in adhesive platelets during long-term anticoagulant therapyBritish Journal of Haematology, 12, 39.
10.
EntricanJ. H.BeachC.CarrollDKenmureA. C. F.KlopperA.MackieM.DouglasA. S. (1978). Raised plasma oestradiol and oestrone levels in young survivors of myocardial infarction. Lancet, 2, 487.
11.
FahlénM.OdénA.BjörntorpPTibblinG. (1971). Seasonal influence on insulin secretion in man. Clinical Science, 41, 453.
12.
GinterG.KajabaI.NiznerO. (1970). The effect of ascorbic acid on cholesterolaemia in healthy subjects with seasonal deficit of vitamin C. Nutrition Metabolism, 12, 76.
13.
GoldsteinR. A.BeckerK. L.MooreC. F. (1972). Serum urate in healthy men-intermittent elevations and seasonal effect. The New England Journal of Medicine, 287, 13, 649.
14.
HoxieH. J. (1940). Seasonal incidence of coronary occlusion in a mild climate. American Heart Journal, 19, 475.
15.
LaurenceT. C.XabregasA.GrayL.HamJ. M. (1977). Seasonal variation in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis. British Journal of Surgery, 64, 777.
16.
LerenP.AdkevoldE. M.FossO. P.FroiliA.GrymyrD.HelegelandA.HjermannI.HolmeI.Lund-LarsenP. G.NorumK. R. (1975) The Oslo Study. Cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and young Oslo men. Acta Medica Scandinavica Supplement 558.
17.
LindenV. (1974) Vitamin D and myocardial infarction. British Medical Journal, 2, 647.
18.
McLaughlinM.RaggartP. R.FairneyA.BrownD. J.LesterE.WillsM. R. (1974) Seasonal variations in serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in healthy people. Lancet, 1, 536.
19.
MeadeT. W.NorthW. R. S. (1977). Population-based distributions of haemostatic variables. British Medical Bulletin, 33(3), 283.
20.
MustardJ. F.PackhamM. A. (1977). Platelets and diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 297, 24, 1345.
21.
OgstonD.McAndrewG. M. (1964). Fibrinolysis in obesity. Lancet, 2, 1205.
22.
PaloheimoJ. (1961). Seasonal variations of serum lipids in healthy men. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae (Helsinki), 39 (Suppl. 8) 1.
23.
PaulO.LepperM. H.PhelanW. H.DupertuisG. W.MacmillanA.McKeanH.ParkH. (1963). A longitudinal study of coronary heart disease. Circulation, 28, 20.
24.
PerssonB. (1974). Seasonal variation of lipoprotein lipase activity in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine, 47, 631.
25.
Registrar General Mortality Statistics1975. London: H. M. Stationery Office.
26.
ReinbergA.LagogueyM.ChauffournierJ. M.CesselinF. (1975). Circannual and circadian rhythms in plasma testosterone in five healthy young men, Parisian males. Acta Endocrinologia, 80, 732.
27.
RenbournE. T. (1947). Variation, diurnal and over longer periods of time, in blood haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasma protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and blood chloride. Journal of Hygiene (London), 45, 455.
28.
RobertsonW. G.GallagherJ. C.MarshallD. H.PeacockM.NordinB. E. C. (1974). Seasonal variation in urinary excretion of calcium. British Medical Journal4, 436.
29.
RoseG. (1961). Seasonal variation in blood pressure in man. Nature, 189, 235.
30.
SchnurS. (1956). Mortality rates in acute myocardial infarction. IV. The seasonal variation in morbidity and mortality. Annals of Internal Medicine, 44, 476.
31.
SemenkoJ. F. (1973). Seasonal changes in the fibrinolytic system of the blood of patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Klinicheskaya Meditsina (Mosk), 51, 57.
32.
SmalsA. G. H.KloppenborgP. W. C.BernaradT. J. (1976). Circannual cycle in plasma testosterone levels in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 42, 979.
33.
StampT. C. B.RoundJ. M. (1974). Seasonal changes in human plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Nature, 247, 563.
34.
ThomasC. B.HolljesH. W. D.EisenbergF. F. (1961). Observations on seasonal variations in total serum cholesterol level among healthy young prisoners. Annals of Internal Medicine, 54, 413.
35.
ThorpJ. M. (1963). The Control of Lipid Metabolism. Editor GrantJ. K.New York: Academic Press.
36.
WatanabeG. I. (1964). Seasonal variation of adrenal cortex activity. ((Serum 17OHCS, circulating eosinophils, circulating small lymphocytes, urinary 17 ketosteroids and 17OHCS)). Archives of Environmental Health, 9, 192.
37.
WolffL.WhyteP. D. (1962). Acute coronary occlusion. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 195, 13.
38.
World Health Organisation (1976). Public Health in Europe 5. Myocardial Infarction Community Register, Copenhagen.
39.
YurugiR.SasakiT.YoshimuraM. (1972). Seasonal variation of basal metabolism in Japanese. In Advances in Climatic Physiology. Editors ItohS.OgataK.YoshimuraM. Tokyo and Berlin-Heidelberg- New York: Springer-Verlag.
