This review article describes the mechanism of multiplication of viruses. Virus infection of mammalian cells proceeds in 4 main stages, adsorption of the virus to the host cell followed by penetration, pre-emption of the synthetic machinery of the cell by the virus, synthesis of viral macromolecular components under the direction of the viral genome, and assembly of viral components to produce mature virus progeny.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BablanianR. (1972). Mechanisms of virus cytopathic effects. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology, 22, 359.
2.
BaltimoreD. (1969). In The Biochemistry of Viruses, edited by LevyH. B.. The replication of picorna-viruses p. 101. New York: M. Dekker, Inc.
3.
BaltimoreD. (1971). In From Molecules to Man, Vol. 7, Perspectives in Virology, edited by PollardM.. Polio is not dead p. 1. New York: Academic Press.
4.
BangF. B. (1972). Specificity of viruses for tissues and hosts. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology, 22, 415.
5.
BarryR. D.IvesD. R.CruickshankJ. G. (1962). Participation of deoxyribonucleic acid in the multiplication of influenza virus. Nature (London), 194, 1139.
6.
BrattM. A.RobinsonW. S. (1967). Ribonucleic acid synthesis in cells infected with Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Molecular Biology, 23, 1.
7.
ChestertonC. J.ButterworthP. H. W. (1971). A new form of mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and its relationship to the known forms of the enzyme. FEBS Letters, 12, 301.
8.
ChowN.-L.SimpsonR. W. (1971). RNA-dependent RNA polymerase associated with virions and sub-viral particles of myxoviruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 68, 752.
9.
CompansR. W.DimmockN. J.Meier-EwertH. (1970). In The Biology of Large RNA-Viruses, edited by BarryR. D.MahyB. W. J.. An electron microscopic study of the influenza virus-infected cell, p.87. London: Academic Press.
10.
CooperR. J.BedsonH. S. (1973). Temperature-sensitive events in the growth of alastrim virus in chick embryo cells. Journal of General Virology, 21, (in the press).
11.
DalesS. (1963). The uptake and development of va cinia virus in strain L cells followed with lal. Eled viral deoxyribonucleic acid. Journal of Cell ogy, 18, 51.
12.
DalesS.ChoppinP. W. (1962). Attachment and penetration of influenza virus. Virology, 18, 489.
13.
DalesS.KajiokaR. (1964). The cycle of multiplication of vaccinia virus in Earle's strain L cells. I. Uptake and penetration. Virology, 24, 278.
14.
EstebanM.MetzD. H. (1973). Early virus protein synthesis in vaccinia virus-infected cells. Journal of General Virology, 19, 201.
15.
GreenM.PinaM.ChagoyaV. (1964). Biochemical studies on adenovirus multiplication. V. Enzymes of DNA synthesis in cells infected by adenovirus and vaccinia virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 239, 1188.
16.
HamadaC.KaplanA. S. (1965). Kinetics of synthesis of various types of antigenic proteins in cells infected with pseudorabies. Journal of Bacteriology, 89, 1328.
17.
HirstG. K. (1965). In Viral and Rickettsial Diseases of Man; 4th edition, edited by HorsfallF. L.TammI.. Cell-virus attachment and the action of antibodies on viruses p. 216. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
18.
HoP. P. K.WaltersC. P. (1966). Influenza virus-induced ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase and the effect of actinomycin D on its formation. Biochemistry, 5, 231.
19.
HollandJ. J. (1964). Viruses in animals and in cell culture. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology, 14, 257.
20.
HolowczakJ. A.JoklikW. K. (1967a). Studies on the structural proteins of vaccinia virus. I. Structural proteins of virions and cores. Virology, 33, 717.
21.
HolowczakJ. A.JoklikW. K. (1967b). Studies on the structural proteins of vaccinia virus. II. Kinetics of the synthesis of individual groups of structural proteins. Virology, 33, 726.
22.
HuangA. S.BaltimoreD.BrattM. A. (1971). Ribonucleic acid polymerase in virions of Newcastle disease virus: Comparison with the vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase. Journal of Virology, 7, 389.
23.
JacobsonM. F.BaltimoreD. (1968). Polypeptide cleavages in the formation of poliovirus proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 61, 77.
24.
JoklikW. K. (1964a). The intracellular uncoating of poxvirus DNA. The fate of radioactively-labeled rabbitpox virus I. Journal of Molecular Biology, 8, 263.
25.
JoklikW. K.BeckerY. (1964). The replication and coating of vaccinia DNA. Journal of Molecular Biology, 10, 452.
26.
JungwirthC.JoklikW. K. (1965). Studies on ‘early’ enzymes in HeLa cells infected with vaccinia virus. Virology, 27, 80.
27.
KatesJ. R.DahlR.MielkeM. (1968). Synthesis and intracellular localisation of vaccinia virus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Journal of Virology, 2, 894.
28.
KatesJ. R.McAuslanB. R. (1967). Poxvirus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 58, 134.
29.
KatzE.MossB. (1970). Formation of a vaccinia virus structural polypeptide from a higher molecular weight precursor: Inhibition by rifampicin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 66, 677.
30.
KedingerC.NuretP.ChambonP. (1971). Structural evidence for two α-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerases in calf thymus. FEBS Letters, 15, 169.
31.
KeirH. M. (1968). Virus-infected enzymes in mammalian cells infected with DNA-viruses. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology, 28, 67.
32.
KeirH. M.GoldE. (1963). Deoxyribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase and deoxyribonuclease from cultured cells infected with herpes simplex virus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 72, 263.
33.
KeirH. M.Subak-SharpeH.SheddenW. I. H.WatsonD. H.WildyP. (1966). Immunological evidence for a specific DNA polymerase produced after infection by herpes simplex virus. Virology, 30, 154.
34.
KitS.DubbsD. R. (1963). Non-functional thymidine kinase cistron in bromodeoxyuridine resistant strains of herpes simplex virus. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 13, 500.
35.
KitS.DubbsD. R.PiekarskiL. J. (1962). Enhanced thymidine phosphorylating activity of mouse fibroblasts (strain LM) following vaccinia infection. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 8, 72.
36.
KlempererH. G.HaynesG. R.SheddenW. I. H.WatsonD. H. (1967). A virus-specific thymidine kinase in BHK21 cells infected with herpes simplex virus. Virology, 31, 120.
37.
LedinkoN. (1971). Inhibition by α-amanitin of adenovirus 12 replication in human embryo kidney cells and of adenovirus transformation of hamster cells. Nature (London), 233, 247.
38.
LevinD. H.MendelsohnN.SchonbergM.KlettH.SilversteinS.KapulerA. M.AcsG. (1970). Properties of RNA transcriptase in reovirus sub-viral particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 66, 890.
39.
LevineA. J.GinsbergH. S. (1967). Mechanism by which fiber antigen inhibits multiplication of type 5 adenovirus. Journal of Virology, 1, 747.
40.
McAuslanB. R. (1963). Control of induced thymidine kinase activity in the poxvirus-infected cell. Virology, 20, 162.
41.
McAuslanB. R. (1965). Deoxyribonuclease activity of normal and poxvirus-infected HeLa cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 19, 15.
42.
McAuslanB. R.HerdeP.PertD.RossJ. (1965). Nucleases of virus-infected animal cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 20, 586.
43.
McAuslanB. R.KatesJ. R. (1967). Poxvirus-induced acid deoxyribonuclease: Regulation of synthesis, control of activity in vivo, purification and properties of the enzyme. Virology, 33, 709.
44.
Mannini-PalenzonaA.CostanzoF.La PlacaM. (1971). Impairment of herpesvirus growth in chick embryo fibroblast cultures by α-amanitin. Archiv fur die Gesamte Virusforschung, 34, 381.
45.
MorganC.RoseH. M. (1968). Structure and development of viruses as observed in the electron microscope. VIII. Entry of influenza virus. Journal of Virology, 2, 925.
46.
MorganC.RoseH. M.MednisB. (1968). Electron microscopy of herpes simplex virus. I. Entry. Journal of Virology, 2, 507.
47.
MorrisonJ. M.KeirH. M. (1968). A new DNA-exonuclease in cells infected with herpes virus: Partial purification and properties of the enzyme. Journal of General Virology, 3, 337.
48.
MossB.SalzmanN. P. (1968). Sequential protein synthesis following vaccinia virus infection. Journal of Virology, 2, 1016.
49.
MountainI. M.AlexanderH. E. (1959). Infectivity of ribonucleic acid (RNA) from type I poliovirus in embryonated egg. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 101, 527.
50.
MunyonW.PaolettiE.GraceJ. T. (1967). RNA polymerase activity in purified infectious vaccinia virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 58, 2280.
51.
PereraP. A. J.MorrisonJ. M. (1970). Evidence for the induction of a new deoxycytidine kinase in cells infected with herpes virus. Biochemical Journal, 117, 21P.
52.
PogoB. G. T.DalesS. (1973). Biogenesis of poxvirus: Inactivation of host DNA polymerase by a component of the invading inoculum particle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 70, 1726.
53.
PonsM. W. (1970). On the nature of the influenza virus genome. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 52, 142.
54.
RoederR. G.RutterW. J. (1969). Multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in eukaryotic organisms. Nature (London), 224, 234.
55.
RoltonH. A.KeirH. M. (1972). Some physical and kinetic properties of deoxycytidylate deaminase from normal and virus-infected mammalian cells. Biochemical Journal, 129, 14P.
56.
RussellW. C.GoldE.KeirH. M.OmuraH.WatsonD. H.WildyP. (1964). The growth of herpes simplex virus and its nucleic acid. Virology22, 103.
57.
RussellW. C.SkehelJ. J. (1972). The polypeptides of adenovirus-infected cells. Journal of General Virology, 15, 45.
58.
ScholtissekC.RottR. (1969). Ribonucleic acid nucleotidyl transferase induced in chick fibroblasts after infection with an influenza virus. Journal of General Virology, 4, 125.
59.
ScholtissekC.DrzeniekR.RottR. (1969). In The Biochemistry of Viruses, edited by LevyU. R.. Myxoviruses p. 219. New York: M. Dekker, Inc.
60.
SeifertW.QasbaP.WalterG.PalmP.SchachnerM.ZilligW. (1969). Kinetics of the alteration and modification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in T4-infected E. coli cells. European Journal of Biochemistry, 9, 319.
61.
ShatkinA. J. (1971). Viruses with segmented ribonucleic acid genomes: Multiplication of influenza versus reovirus. Bacteriological Reviews, 35, 250.
62.
ShatkinA. J.SipeJ. D. (1968). RNA polymerase activity in purified reoviruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 61, 1462.
63.
SilversteinS. C.DalesS. (1968). The penetration of reovirus RNA and initiation of its genetic function in L-strain fibroblasts. Journal of Cell Biology, 36.
64.
SinsheimerR. L.StarmanB.NaglerC.GuthrieS. (1962). The process of infection with bacteriophage OX174. I. Evidence for a replicative form. Journal of Molecular Biology, 4, 142.
65.
SpearP. G.RoizmanB. (1968). The proteins specified by herpes simplex virus. I. Time of synthesis, transfer into nuclei, and properties of proteins made in productively infected cells. Virology, 36, 545.
66.
StavisR. L.AugustJ. T. (1970). The biochemistry of RNA bacteriophage replication. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 39, 527.
67.
SummersD. F.MaizelJ. V. (1968). Evidence for large precursor proteins in poliovirus synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 59, 966.
68.
SummersD. F.MaizelJ. V.DarnellJ. E. (1965). Evidence for virus-specified noncapsid proteins in poliovirus-infected HeLa cslls. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 54, 505.
69.
WatanabeY.MillwardS.GrahamA. F. (1968). Regulation of transcription of the reovirus genome. Journal of Molecular Biology, 36, 107.