Cryosurgery provides a means of tissue destruction which is easily and accurately controllable and which can be applied to remote areas of the body. The mechanism and properties of freezing are discussed with particular mention of the maximum freezing effect and its clinical application. The application of cryosurgery to various clinical problems is discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BartonR. T. (1966). Cryosurgical treatment of nasopharyngeal neoplasma. Amer. Surg., 32, 10, 744
2.
CahanW. G. (1965). Cryosurgery of malignant and benign tumours. Fed. Proc., 24, 241
3.
CollinsR. J.GolabA. (1966). Cryosurgical treatment of uterine cervicitis. Bull. of the Millard Fillmore Hosp., 13, 47
4.
CooperI. S.StellarS. (1963). Cryogenic freezing of brain tumours for excision or destruction in situ. J. Neurosurg., 20, 921
5.
CooperI. S.HiroseT. (1966). Application of cryogenic surgery to resection of parenchymal organs. New Engl. J. Med., 274, 1, 15
6.
CrimsonJ. M.FuhrmanF. A. (1947). Studies on gangrene following cold injury; capillary blood flow after cold injury, effects of rapid warming and sympathetic block. J. clin. Invest., 26, 468
7.
DouglasW. W.MalcolmJ. L. (1955). The effects of localized cooling on conduction in cat nerves. J. Physiol., 130, 1, 53
8.
FishJ. C.EdwardsR. L.HoladayW. J. (1967). Freezing and heat coagulation as haemostatics in surgery of liver and spleen in dogs. J. Trauma., 7, 3, 456
9.
FraserJ.GillW. (1967). Observations on ultra frozen tissue. Brit. J. Surg., 54, 9, 770
10.
GageA. A.KoepfS.WehrleD.EmmingsF. (1965). Cryotherapy for cancer of the lip and oral cavity. Cancer, 18, 1646
11.
GageA. A.EmmingsF. G. (1967). Bone freezing in cryotherapy. J. St. Barnabas Med. Centre., 4, 1, 314
12.
GageA. A.FazekasG.RileyE. E.Jr., (1967). Freezing injury to large blood vessels in dogs. Surgery, 61, 5, 748
13.
GillW.FraserJ.CarterD. C. (in press). Repeated freeze-thaw cycles in cryosurgery. Nature, in press
14.
GonderM. J.SoanesW. A.ShulmanS. (1966). Cryosurgical treatment of the prostate. Invest. Urol., 3, 4
15.
KreybergL. (1957). Local freezing. Proc. roy. Soc. B., 147, 546
16.
KrwawiczT. (1961). Intracapsular extraction of intumescent cataract by application of low temperature. Brit. J. Ophthal., 45, 279
17.
von LedenH.RandR. W. (1967). Cryosurgical technics in head and neck surgery. Amer. Surg., 33, 1
18.
LovelockJ. E. (1957). The denaturation of lipid-protein complexes as a cause of damage by freezing. Proc. roy. Soc. B., 147, 426
19.
OrtvedW. E.O'KellyF. M.ToddA. D.MaxwellJ. B.SuttonM. R. (1967). Cryosurgical prostatectomy: A report of one hundred cases. Brit. J. Urol., 39, 5
20.
PoppendiekH. F.RandallR.BreedenJ. A.ChambersJ. E.MurphyJ. R. (1967). Thermal conductivity measurements and predictions for biological fluids and tissues. Cryobiology, 3, 4, 318
21.
QuintanellaR.KrusenF. H.EssexH. E. (1947). Studies on frostbite with special reference to treatment and the effect on minute blood vessels. Amer. J. Physiol., 149, 149
22.
RandR. W.DasheA. M.PagliaD. E.ConwayL. W.SolomanD. H. (1964). Stereotactic cryohypophysectomy. J. Amer. med. Ass., 189, 255
RubinsteinK. (1966). Cryopexy for retinal detachment. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 59, 11, part 1, 1068
25.
SanoM. E.SmithL. W., (1942). Behaviour of tumour cells in tissue culture subjected to reduced temperatures. Cancer Res., 2, 32
26.
ShulmanS. (1967). Cryo-immunology and auto-antibodies. J. St. Barnabas Med. Centre, 4, 308
27.
StowellR. E.YoungD. E.ArnoldE. A.TrumpB. F. (1965). Structural, chemical, physical and functional alterations in mammalian nucleus following different conditions of freezing, storage and thawing. Fed. Proc., 24, 115, Suppl. 15
28.
TytusJ. S. (1961). Further observations on rapid freezing and its possible application to neurosurgical techniques. Bull. Mason Clin., 15, 51