The Human Foetal Adrenal: A Morphological and Histochemical Study with Comment on the Problem of Function

Addison T. (1855). On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the suprarenal capsules. London: S. Highley.

Aitken E. H. , Preedy J. R. K. , Eton B. , Short R. V. (1958). Oestrogen and progesterone levels in foetal and maternal plasma at parturition. Lancet, 2, 1096.

Benirschke K. , Bloch E. , Hertig A. T. (1956). Concerning the function of the foetal zone of the human adrenal gland. Endocrinology, 58, 598.

Benner M. C. (1940). Studies on the involution of the foetal cortex of the adrenal glands. Amer. J. Path., 16, 787.

Bolande R. P. (1958). Adrenal changes in post-term infants and the placental dysfunction syndrome. Amer. J. Path., 34, 137.

Brachet J. (1953). The use of basic dyes and ribonuclease for the cytochemical detection of ribonucleic acid. Quart. J. micr. Sci., 94, 1.

Digeorge A. M. , Arey J. B. , Bongiovanni A. M. (1956). Plasma 17-ketosteroids in an anencephalic infant. J. Clin. Endocr., 16, 1281.

Elliott T. R. , Armour R. G. (1911). The development of the cortex in the human suprarenal gland and its condition in hemicephaly. J. Path. Bact., 15, 481.

Gemzell C. A. , Robbe H. , Ström G. (1956). Cortical and medullary adrenal activity in normal labour. Acta Endocr. (Kbh.), 23, 158.

Grant J. K. , Forrest A. P. M. , Symington T. (1957). The secretion of Cortisol and corticosterone by the human adrenal cortex. Acta Endocr. (Kbh.), 26, 195.

Kern H. (1911). Ueber den Umbau der Nebenniere in extra-uterinen Leben. Dtsch. med. Wschr., 37, 971 cited by Lanman (1953).

Lanman J. T. (1953). The foetal zone of the adrenal gland. Medicine (Baltimore), 32, 389.

Lewis R. W. , Pappenheimer A. M. (1916). A study of the involutional changes which occur in the adrenal cortex during infancy. J. med. Res., 34, 81.

Manheimer L. H. , Seligman A. M. (1948). Improvement in method for histochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase and its use in study of normal and neoplastic tissues. J. nat. Cancer Inst., 9, 181.

Mcdonald M. R. (1948). A method for the preparation of ‘protease-free’ crystalline ribonuclease. J. gen. Physiol., 32, 39.

Migeon C. J. , Prystowsky H. , Grumbach M. M. , Byron M. C. (1956). Placental passage of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids: comparison of levels in maternal and foetal plasma and effect of ACTH and hydrocortisone administration. J. clin. Invest., 35, 488.

Nichols J. , Lescure O. L. , Migeon C. J. (1958). Levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids in maternal and cord plasma in term anencephaly. J. clin. Endocr., 18, 444.

O'donneel V. J. , Mcintosh A. D. (1958). Unpublished data.

Porter C. C. , Silber R. H. (1950). A quantitative color reaction for cortisone and related 17, 21-dihydroxy-20-ketosteroids. J. biol. Chem., 185, 201.

Solomon S. , Lanman J. T. , Lind J. , Lieberman S. (1958). The biosynthesis of Δ4-andro-stenedione and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from progesterone by surviving human foetal adrenals. J biol. Chem., 233, 1084.

Starkel S. , Wegrzynowski L. (1910). Beitrag zur Histologie der Nebennieren bei Feten und Kindern. Arch. Anal. Physiol., p. 214: cited by Lanman (1953).

Symington T. , Currie A. R. , Curran R. C. , Davidson J. N. (1955). The reaction of the adrenal cortex in conditions of stress. Ciba Foundation colloquia on endocrinology, 8, 70. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd.

Symington T. , Davidson J. N. (1956). The effect of exogenous ACTH and conditions of stress on the chemical composition of the human adrenal gland. Scot. med. J., 1, 15.

Symington T. , Duguid W. P. , Davidson J. N. (1956). Effect of exogenous corticotropin on histochemical pattern of the human adrenal cortex and a comparison with the changes during stress. J. clin. Endocr., 16. 580.

Symington T. , Currie A. R. O'donnell V. J. , Grant J. K. , Oastler E. G. , Whyte W. G. (1958). Hyperplasia and tumours of the-human adrenal cortex. Histology, enzymic changes, and corticoid production. Ciba Foundation colloquia ‘on endocrinology, 12, 102. London: J. & A. Churchill, Ltd.

Tähkä H. (1951). On the weight and structure of the adrenal glands and the factors affecting them in children from 0 to 2 years. Acta paediat. (Upsala), 40, 1 (Suppl. 81).

Thomas L. (1911). Ueber die Nebenniere des Kindes unci ihre Veränderungen bei Infections-krankheiten. Beitr. path. Anal., 50, 283: cited by Lanman (1953).