Perioperative Optimisation

NHS Performance Indicators 2002.: Internet communication: http://www.doh.gov.uk/hes/tables/tb00401e.xls.

Ball J Rhodes A Bennett ED. Reducing the morbidity and mortality of high risk surgical patients. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2000; 331–42.

Harten J. McCreath B McMillan D McArdle C Kinsella J. Influence of Social Deprivation on Post-Operative Survival after Emergency Laparotomy. Anesthesiology 2001; 95:A1113.

Cook TM Britton DC Craft TM Jones CB Horrocks M. An audit of hospital mortality after urgent and emergency surgery in the elderly. Annuals of Royal College of Surgeons in England 1997; 79:361–7.

Shoemaker WC Montgomery ES Kaplan E Physiologic patterns in surviving and nonsurviving shock patients. Use of sequential cardiorespiratory variables in defining criteria for therapeutic goals and early warning of death. Archives of Surgery 1972; 106:630–636.

Sandham JD Hull RD Brant RF Knox L Pineo GF Doig CJ A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Eng J Med 2003; 348:5–14.

Connors AF Speroff T Dawson NV Thomas C Harrell FEJ Wagner D. The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in initial care of critically ill patients. JAMA 1996; 276:889–897.

Shoemaker WC Appel PL Kram HB Waxman K Lee TS. Prospective trial of supranormal values for survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 1988; 94:1176–1186.

Boyd O Grounds M Bennett D. A randomized clinical trial of the clinical effect of deliberate increase of oxygen delivery on mortality in high-risk surgical patients. JAMA 1993; 270:2699–2707.

Wilson J Woods I Fawcett J Whall R Dibb W Morris C McManus E. Reducing the risk of major elective surgery: randomised controlled trial of preoperative optimisation of oxygen delivery. Br Med J 1999; 318:1099–1103.

Takala J Meier-Hellmann A Eddleston J Hustaert P Sramek V. Effect of dopexamine on outcome after major abdominal surgery: A prospective, randomized, controlled multicentre study. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3417–3423.

Mythen M Webb A. Perioperative plasma volume expansion reduces the incidence of gut mucosal hypoperfusion during cardiac surgery. Archives of Surgery 1995; 130:423–429.

Sinclair S James S Singer M. Intraoperative intravascular volume optimisation and length of hospital stay after proximal femoral fracture: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J, 1997; 315::909–912.

Ashton CM Petersen NJ Wray NP The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction in men undergoing noncardiac surgery. Annuals of Internal Medicine 1993; 118:504–510.

Mangano DT Layug EL Wallace A Tateo I. Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. N Eng J Med 1996; 335:1713–20.

Poldermans D Boersma E Bax JJ Thomson IR van de Ven LL Blankensteijn JD. The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. N Eng J Med 1999; 341:1789–94.

Lenhardt R Marker E Goll C Tschernich H Kurz A Sessler DE Mild intraoperative hypothermia prolongs postanaesthetic recovery. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1318–1323.

Kurz A Sessler DI Narzt E Postoperative hemodynamic and thermoregulatory consequences of intraoperative core hypothermia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology 1995; 7:359–66.

Schmidt H Kurz A Sessler DI Kozek S. Mild hypothermia increases blood loss and transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty. The Lancet 1996; 347:289–292.

Kurz A Sessler DI Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical wound infection and shorten hospitalisation. The N Eng J Med 1996; 334:1209–1215.

Frank SM Fleischer LA Breslow MI Higgins MS Olson K Kelly S Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. JAMA 1997; 277:1127–1134.

Shangraw RE Jahoor F Miyoshi H Differentiation between septic and postburn insulin resistance. Metabolism 1989; 38:983–989.

van den Berghe G. Wouters P Weekers F Verwaest C Bruyninck F Schetz M Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Eng J Med 2001; 345:1359–67.