Teacher communication and time on-task

Amateur Swimming Association (1963), Swimming Instruction, eighth edition, London: Educational Productions.

Arlin M. . (1979), ‘Teacher transitions can disrupt time flow in classrooms’, American Educational Research Journal 16, 42–56

Beamer D. W. . (1983), ‘The effects of an inservice education program on the academic learning time of selected students in physical education’, Dissertation Abstracts International 43, 2593A. (University Microfilms No. DA 8300208.)

Beckett K. D. . (1989), ‘The effects of motor appropriate engagement ALT–PE(M) on achievement in a badminton skill during an experimental teaching unit’, Physical Educator 46(late winter), 36–40.

Berliner D. C. . (1979), ‘Tempus educare’, in Peterson P. L. , and Walberg H. J. (eds.), Research on Teaching: concepts, findings and implications, Berkeley, Cal.: McCutchan.

Birdwell D. . (1980), ‘The effects of modification of teacher behavior on the academic learning time of selected students in physical education’, Dissertation Abstracts International 41, 1472A. (University Microfilms No. DEM80-22239.)

Borg W. R. , and Gall M. D. . (1983), Educational Research, fourth edition, New York: Longman.

Borg W. R. , and Ascione F. R. . (1979), ‘Changing on-task, off-task disruptive pupil behaviour in elementary mainstreaming classrooms’, Journal of Educational Research 72, 243–52.

Canadian Red Cross Society Water Safety Service (1963), Instructors’ Guide and Reference. Toronto: Canadian Red Cross.

Carreiro da Costa F. , and Piéron M. . (1992), ‘Teaching effectiveness: comparison of more and less effective teachers in an experimental teaching unit’, in Williams T. , Almond L. , and Sparkes A. (eds.), Sport and Physical Activity, London: Spon.

Cohen L. , and Holliday M. . (1982), Statistics for Social Scientists, London: Harper & Row.

Cratty B. J. . (1968), Psychology and Physical Activity, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Fisher C. W. , Berliner D. C. , Filby N. N. , Marliave R. , Cahen L. S. , and Dishaw M. M. . (1980), ‘Teaching behaviours, academic learning time and student achievement: an overview,’ in Denham E. , and Leiberman L. (eds.), Time to Learn, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education.

Galton M. . (1987), ‘Structured observation’, in Dunkin M. J. (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher Education, Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Godbout P. , Brunelle J. , and Tousignant M. . (1987), ‘Who benefits from passing through the program?’ in Barrette G. T. , Feingold R. S. , Rees C. R. , and Piéron M. (eds.), Myths, Models and Methods in Sport Pedagogy, Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.

Graham G. , Soares P. , and Harrington W. . (1983), ‘Experienced teachers’ effectiveness with intact classes: an ETU study’, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 2(2), 3–14.

Graham K. C. . (1987), ‘A description of academic work and student performance during a middle school volleyball unit’, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 7(1), 22–37.

Grant B. C. , Ballard K. D. , and Glynn T. L. . (1989), ‘Student behaviour in physical education lessons: a comparison among student achievement groups’, Journal of Educational Research 82, 216–26.

Hardy C. A. . (1987), Handbook for the Teacher of Swimming, London: Pelham Books.

Mancini V. H. , and Wuest D. A. . (1987), ‘Coaches’ interactions and their high- and low-skilled athletes’ ALT–PE: a systematic perspective’, in Barrette G. T. , Feingold R. S. , Rees C. R. , and Piéron M. (eds.), Myths, Models and Methods in Sport Pedagogy, Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.

Mancini V. H. , Wuest D. A. , Vantine K. W. , and Clark E. K. . (1984), ‘The use of instruction and supervision in interaction on burned-out teachers: its effect on teaching behaviors, level of burnout, and academic learning time’, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 3(2), 29–46.

McLeish J. , Howe B. , and Jackson J. . (1981), Effective Teaching in Physical Education, Victoria, B.C.: University of Victoria.

Paese P. C. . (1986), ‘Comparison of teacher behaviour and criterion process variables in an experimental teaching unit (ETU) taught by pre-service physical education majors at the entrance and exit levels’, in Piéron M. , and Graham G. (eds.), Sport Pedagogy 6, 71–6. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.

Parker M. , and O'Sullivan M. . (1983), ‘Modifying ALT–PE for game play contexts and other reflections’, Journal of Teaching Physical Education, Summer Monograph No. 1, 2, 8–10.

Piéron M. . (1983), ‘Teacher and pupil behaviour and the interaction process in PE classes’, in R. Telema, V. Varstala, J. Tiainen, L. Laakso and T. Haajanen, Research in School Physical Education: reports of physical culture and health, 1983, No. 38, Jyväskyla, Finland: Foundation for the Promotion of Physical Culture and Health.

Piéron M. , and Haan J. . (1979), ‘Interactions between Teacher and Students in a Physical Education Setting: observation of student behaviours’, paper presented at the International Council of Health, Physical Education and Recreation Congress, Kiel, FRG, July.

Piéron M. , and Haan J. . (1980), ‘Pupils’ activities, time on task and behaviours in high school physical education teaching’, Bulletin of the Fédération Internationale d'Education Physique 50(3-4), 62–8.

Phillips D. A. , and Carlisle C. . (1983), ‘A comparison of physical education teachers categorized as most and least effective’, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 2(3), 55–67.

Placek J. , Silverman S. , Dodds P. , Shute S. , and Rife F. . (1982), ‘Active learning time in a traditional elementary physical education setting: a descriptive analysis’, Journal of Classroom Interaction 17(2), 41–7.

Randall L. E. , and Imwold C. H. . (1989), ‘The effect of an intervention on academic learning time provided by pre-service physical education teachers’, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 8(4), 271–9.

Rate R. A. . (1980), ‘A Descriptive Analysis of Academic Learning Time and Coaching Behaviours in Inter-scholastic Athletic Practices’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbus: Ohio State University.

Rink J. E. . (1985), Teaching Physical Education for Learning, St Louis, Mo.: Times Mirror/Mosby.

Rusnock M. , and Brandler N. . (1979), ‘Time off-task: implications for learning’, paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.

Siedentop D. , Birdwell D. , and Metzler M. . (1979), ‘Academic Learning Time: a process approach to measuring teacher effectiveness in physical education’, research symposium presented at the National Convention of the AAHPER, New Orleans, La., March.

Silverman S. . (1985), ‘Relationship of engagement and practice trials to student achievement’, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 5(1), 13–21.

Silverman S. . (1991), ‘Research on Teaching in Physical Education’, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 62(4), 352–64.

Silverman S. , Dodds P. , Placek J. , Shute S. , and Rife F. . (1984), ‘Academic learning time in elementary physical education (ALT–PE) for student sub-groups and instructional activity units’, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 55(4), 365–70.

Smythe W. J. . (1987), ‘Time’, in Dunkin M. J. (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher Education, Oxford: Pergamon.

Telama R. , Varstala V. , Heikinaro-Johansson P. , and Utriainen J. . (1987), in Barrette G. T. , Feingold R. S. , Rees C. R. , and Piéron M. (eds.), Myths, Models and Methods in Sport Pedagogy, Part III, Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.

Tinning R. . (1987), Improving Teaching in Physical Education, Geelong, Vict.: Deakin University Press.

Underwood G. L. . (1988), Teaching and Learning in Physical Education: a social psychological perspective, London: Falmer Press.

Weckel H. . (1966), ‘Über die Leistungsentwicklung von Anfängern im Schwimmunterricht des drei Schuljars unter dem Aspekt verschiedener Schwimmarten’, Gymnasium 3(1), 18–20 (translated by J. O. Hardy).

Whaley G. . (1980), ‘The effects of daily monitoring and feedback to teachers and students on academic learning time – physical education’, Dissertation Abstracts International 41, 1477A. (University Microfilms No. DEM80-22365.)

Whiting H. T. A. . (1970), Teaching the Persistent Non-swimmer, London: Bell.