Rehabilitation counselors and supervisors affiliated with a state vocational rehabilitation program were surveyed to assess supervisor practices and satisfaction when providing or receiving supervision. Results indicated general satisfaction with both administrative and clinical supervision provided or received. Although counselors and supervisors were less satisfied with clinical supervision as compared with administrative supervision, they perceived both the degree to which supervisors provide support and encouragement to counselors and the emphasis on promoting counselors' understanding of their clients similarly. Supervision relies on counselor self-report of counseling sessions more so than any other supervisory method. Individual supervision is used almost exclusively and on average lasts 20 min each month. Supervisors tend to adopt a consultant role more than administrator, counselor, evaluator, or teacher roles. Multiple regression analysis indicated that gender, frequency of supervision, and a supervisory consultant role were predictors of satisfaction with clinical supervision. Implications for rehabilitation counseling practice and research are examined.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Agresti, A. (1990). Categorical data analysis. New York: Wiley.
2.
Bernard, J.M., & Goodyear, R. (1998). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (2nd ed.). Carmelle, IN: Allyn & Bacon.
3.
Borders, L.D. (1989). A pragmatic agenda for developmental supervision research. Counselor Education and Supervision, 29, 16—24.
4.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1975). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5.
Crimando, W. (2004). Administration, management, and supervision. In T. F. Riggar & D. R. Maki (Eds.), Handbook of rehabilitation counseling (pp. 305—317). New York: Springer.
6.
Crimando, W., Hansen, G., & Riggar, T.F. (1986). Employee turnover: The scope of a state DVR personnel problem. Journal of RehabilitationAdministration, 10, 125—128.
7.
Efstation, J.F., Patton, M.J., & Kardash, C.M. (1990). Measuring the working alliance in counselor supervision . Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 322—329.
8.
Emener, W.G. (1978). Clinical supervision in rehabilitation settings. Journal of RehabilitationAdministration, 2, 44—53.
Friedlander, M.L., & Ward, L.G. (1984). Development and validation of the Supervisory Styles Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 541—557.
11.
Granello, D.H. (1996). Gender and power in the supervisory dyad. The Clinical Supervisor, 14(2), 53—67.
12.
Gray, L.A., Ladany, N., Walker, J.A., & Ancis, J.R. (2001). Psychotherapy trainees' experience of counterproductive events in supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 371—383.
13.
Herbert, J.T. (1995). Clinical supervision. In A. E. Del Orto & R. P. Marinelli (Eds.), Encyclopedia of disability and rehabilitation (pp. 178— 190). New York: Macmillan.
14.
Herbert, J.T. (1997). Quality of assurance: Administration and supervision . In D. R. Maki & T. F. Riggar (Eds.), Rehabilitation counseling: Profession and practice (pp. 246—258). New York: Springer.
15.
Herbert, J.T. (2004a). Analysis of clinical supervision practices as documented in rehabilitation counseling syllabi and fieldwork manuals. RehabilitationEducation, 18, 13—33.
16.
Herbert, J.T. (2004b). Clinical supervision. In T. F. Riggar & D. R. Maki (Eds.), Handbook of rehabilitation counseling (pp. 289—304). New York: Springer.
17.
Herbert, J.T. (2004c). Clinical supervision in rehabilitation settings . In F. Chan, N. L. Berven, & K. R. Thomas (Eds.), Counseling theories and techniques for rehabilitation health professionals (pp. 405—422). New York: Springer.
18.
Herbert, J.T. (2004d). Qualitative analysis of clinical supervision within the public vocational rehabilitation program. Journal of RehabilitationAdministration, 28, 51—73.
19.
Herbert, J.T., & Bieschke, K.J. (2000). A didactic course in clinical supervision. RehabilitationEducation, 14, 187—198.
20.
Herbert, J.T., Hemlick, L.M., & Ward, T.J. (1991). Supervisee perception of rehabilitation counseling practica. RehabilitationEducation, 5, 121—129.
21.
Herbert, J.T., & Ward, T.J. (1989). Rehabilitation counselor supervision: A national survey of graduate training practica. RehabilitationEducation , 3, 163—175.
22.
Herbert, J.T., Ward, T.J., & Hemlick, L.M. (1995). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Supervisory Style Inventory and Revised Supervision Questionnaire. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 38, 334— 349.
23.
Holloway, E. (1987). Developmental models of supervision: Is it development?Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 18, 209—216.
24.
Kampfe, C.M., & Mitchell, M.M. (1992). Students' perceptions of master's level rehabilitation internships: A national study. RehabilitationEducation, 6, 89—98.
Nelson, M.L., & Friedlander, M.L. (2001). A close look at conflictual supervisory relationships: The trainee's perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 384—395.
27.
Olk, M.E., & Friedlander, M.L. (1992). Trainees' experiences of role conflict and role ambiguity in supervisory relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 389—397.
Sells, J., Goodyear, R., Lichtenberg, J., & Polkinghorne, D. (1997). Relationship of supervisor and trainee gender to in-session verbal behavior and ratings of trainee skills . Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 1—7.
Spss. (2002). Statistical package for the social sciences—Version 11.0.1 for Mac OS X [Computer software] . Chicago: Author
34.
Stebnicki, M.A. (1998). Clinical supervision in rehabilitation counseling. RehabilitationEducation, 12, 137—159.
35.
Supervision Interest Network, Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (1993, Summer). ACES ethical guidelines for counseling supervisors. ACES Spectrum, 53(4) 5—8.
36.
Szymanski, E.M., Herbert, J.T., Parker, R.M., & Danek, M.M. (1992). State vocational rehabilitation agency counselor education and performance in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Wisconsin. Journal of RehabilitationAdministration, 16, 109—113.
37.
Thielsen, V.A., & Leahy, M.J. (2001). Essential knowledge and skills for effective clinical supervision in rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 44, 196—208.
38.
Watkins, C.E., Jr. (1997). The ineffective psychotherapy supervisor: Some reflections about bad behaviors, poor process, and offensive outcomes. The Clinical Supervisor, 16, 163—180.
39.
Wiley, M.L., & Ray, P.B. (1986). Counseling supervision by developmental level . Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 439—445.
