Pronunciation is re-examined from a "top-down" perspective which shifts the focus of attention in language instruction from individual phonemes to suprasegmentals and other features of the larger con text of utterances. These include prosody, phonological fluency, voice quality, and gestures. A basis is provided for instruction and student practice of the entire communicational complex in which pronunciation is situated.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abe, Isamu.1955. "Intonational patterns of English and Japanese." Word11, 386-398.
2.
Abberton, E., A. Parker A.J. Fourcin.1978. "Speech improvement in deaf adults using laryngograph displays." Speech and Hearing Work in Progress. University College of London, Department of Phonetics andLinguistics: 33-60.
Adams, Corinne.1979. English Speech Rhythm and the Foreign Learner. The Hague: Mouton.
5.
Beebe, Leslie.1980. "Sociolinguistic variation and style shifting in second language acquisition." Language Learning30:433-447. Birdwhistell, Ray L.1970. Kinesics and Context. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press.
6.
Bolinger, Dwight.1978. "Intonation across languages." Joseph Green-berg (ed.): Universals of Human Language, vol. 2, Phonology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 471-524.
7.
Bolinger, Dwight.1983. "Intonation and gesture." American Speech58, 156-174.
8.
Bolinger, Dwight.1985. "The inherent iconism of intonation." John Haiman (ed.): Iconicity in Syntax. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 97-108.
9.
Bolinger, Dwight.1986. Intonation and its Parts: Melody in Spoken English. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
10.
de Bot, Kees.1983. "Visual feedback of intonation I: Effectiveness and induced practice behavior." Language and Speech26:331-350.
11.
de Bot, Kees, & Kate Mailfert.1982. "The teaching of intonation: Fundamental research and classroom applications." TESOL Quarterly16:71-77.
12.
Brown, Gillian & George Yule.1983. Teaching the Spoken Language. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
13.
Brown, James D., & Ann Hilferty.1986. "The effectiveness of teaching reduced forms for listening comprehension." RELC Journal17:59-70.
14.
Byrd, Patricia, Janet Constantinides & Martha Pennington . In press. Foreign Teaching Assistant's Manual. Chapter Three: "Hearing and pronouncing American English." New York: Collier Macmillan.
15.
Collier, R.1984. "Some physiological and perceptual constraints on tonal systems." Butterworth, Brian, Bernard Comrie & Osten Dahl (eds.): Explanations for Language Universals. Mouton: Berlin, 237-247.
16.
Delattre, Pierre.1963. "Comparing the prosodic features of English, German, Spanish, and French." IRAL1:193-210.
17.
Delattre, Pierre.1981. "An acoustic and articulatory study of vowel reduction in four languages." Studies in Comparative Phonetics, Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag, 63-93.
18.
Dirven, R., & J. Oakeshott-Taylor .1984. "Listening comprehension" (Part 1). State of the Art Article. Language Teaching17:326-343. Donegan, Patricia J.1978. On the Natural Phonology of Vowels. Ph.D. dissertation. The Ohio State University.
19.
Duez, Danielle.1982. "Silent and non-silent pauses in three speech styles." Language and Speech25:11-28.
20.
Duncan, Starkey, Jr. 1974. "Some signals and rules for taking speaking turns in conversations." Shirley Weitz (ed.): Nonverbal Communication. New York: Oxford University Press, 298-311.
21.
Duncan, Starkey, Jr. 1976. "Language, paralanguage, and body motion in the structure of conversations." William C. McCormack & Stephen A. Wurm (eds.): Language and Man: Anthropological Issues. The Hague: Mouton, 239-267.
22.
Ecklund, Constance L., & Peter Wiese.1981. "French accent through video analysis." Foreign Language Annals14:11-17,
23.
Eibel-Eibesfeldt, I.1974. "Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements." Shirley Weitz (ed.): Nonverbal Communication. New York: Oxford University Press, 20-33.
24.
Ekman, Paul, & Wallace V. Friesen .1974. "Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception." Shirley Weitz (ed.), Nonverbal Communication. New York: Oxford University Press, 269-290.
25.
Ekman, Paul, Richard Sorenson, & Wallace V. Friesen . "1969. Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion." Science164:86-88.
26.
Esling, John H., & Rita F. Wong.1983. "Voice quality settings and the teaching of pronunciation." TESOL Quarterly17:89-95.
27.
Fowler, Carol A.1981. "A relationship between coarticulation and compensatory shortening." Phonetica38:35-50.
28.
Gilbert, Judy.1984. Clear Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29.
Hadar, U., T.J. Steiner, E.C. Grant, & F. Clifford Rose .1983. "Head movement correlates of juncture and stress at sentence level." Language and Speech26:117-129.
30.
Haraguchi, S.1977. The Tone Pattern of Japanese: An Autosegmental Theory of Tonology. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
31.
Hieke, A.E.1984. "Linking as a marker of fluent speech." Language and Speech27:343-354.
32.
Hieke, A.E.1985. "A componential approach to oral fluency evaluation." Modern Language Journal69:135-142.
33.
Hieke, A.E.1987. "The resolution of dynamic speech in L2 listening." Language Learning37:123-140.
34.
Higurashi, Yoshiko.1983. The Accent of Extended Word Structures in Tokyo Japanese . Tokyo: Educa.
35.
Hoequist, Charles Jr. 1983. "Syllable duration in stress-, syllable- and mora-timed languages." Phonetica40:203-237.
36.
Kaneko, Naomichi.1957. "Specific x-ray observations on the movement of the lower jaw, lips and tongue in pronunciation." Study of Sounds8 (1957):1-18. Cited from Yasuyo Edasawa.1984. "Articulatory setting and teaching pronunciation. Doshisha Women's College, Kyoto, Japan: Asphodel 18:289-308.
37.
Ladd, D. Robert, Jr. 1978. "Stylized intonation." Language54:517-540.
38.
Ladd, D. Robert, Jr. 1980. The Structure of Intonational Meaning. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
39.
Laver, John.1980. The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40.
Laver, John, & Peter Trudgill.1979. "Phonetic and linguistic markers in speech." Klaus R. Scherer & Howard Giles (eds.): Social Markers in Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-32.
41.
McNeill, David.1987. Psycholinguistics: A New Approach. New York: Harper & Row.
42.
Odlin, Terence M.1978. "Variable rules in the acquisition of English contractions ." TESOL Quarterly12:451-458.
43.
Ohala, John J.1983. "Cross-language use of pitch: An ethological view." Phonetica40:1-18.
44.
Pennington, Martha C.1986. "Acquisition of English phonology by native speakers of Japanese." Presentation to the Japan Association of College English Teachers, TESOL Summer Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, August 1986. Repeated at the annual conference of Japan Association of Language teachers, Hamamatsu, Japan, November 1986.
45.
Pennington, Martha C.1987. "Universals, Prosody and SLA." Presentation at the conference, Second Language Acquisition: Contributions and Challenges to Linguistic Theory. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, July 1987.
46.
Pennington, Martha C. Forthcoming. "Applications of Computers in the Development of Speaking and Listening Proficiency." Martha C. Pennington (ed.), Teaching Languages with Computers: The State of the Art. La Jolla: Athelstan.
47.
Pennington, Martha C., & Jack C. Richards .1986. "Pronunciation Revisited ." TESOL Quarterly20:207-225.
48.
Pennycock, Alastair.1985. "Actions speak louder than words: Paralanguage, communication, and education." TESOL Quarterly19:259-281.
49.
Robinson, W. Peter.1979. "Speech markers and social class." Klaus R. Scherer & Howard Giles (eds.): Social Markers in Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 211-249.
50.
Royal, Ann Marie.1985. Male-Female Pharyngealization Patterns in Cairo Arabic: A Sociolinguistic Study of Two Neighborhoods. Texas Linguistic Forum27. First appeared as Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1985.
51.
Schmidt, Richard W.1977. "Sociolinguistic variation and language transfer in phonology ." Working Papers in Bilingualism12:79-95.
52.
Schnapper, Melvin.1979. "Your actions speak louder ...." Elise C. Smith & Louise Fiber Luce (eds.): Toward Internationalism. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 134-140.
53.
Trudgill, Peter.1974. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54.
Welkowitz, Joan, Ronald N. Bond, & Stanley Feldstein.1984. "Conversational time patterns of Hawaiian children as a function of ethnicity and gender." Language and Speech27:173-191.
55.
Woods, Howard B.1979. Rhythm and Unstress. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Government Publishing Centre.