Changing Interpretation of Human Health Risks from Perfluorinated Compounds

Lindstrom AB Strynar MJ Libelo EL . Polyfluorinated compounds: past, present, and future. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:7954–61.

Environmental Protection Agency (US). Provisional health advisories for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Washington: EPA; 2009.

Sargent JW Seffl RJ . Properties of perfluorinated liquids. Fed Proc 1970; 29:1699–703.

Taves DR . Evidence that there are two forms of fluoride in human serum. Nature 1968; 217:1050–1.

Ubel FA Sorenson SD Roach DE . Health status of plant workers exposed to fluorochemicals—a preliminary report. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980; 41:584–9.

Olsen GW Gilliland FD Burlew MM Burris JM Mandel JS Mandel JH . An epidemiologic investigation of reproductive hormones in men with occupational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. J Occup Environ Med 1998; 40:614–22.

Griffith FD Long JE . Animal toxicity studies with ammonium perfluorooctanoate. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980; 41:576–83.

Calafat AM Kuklenyik Z Reidy JA Caudill SP Tully JS Needham LL . Serum concentrations of 11 polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the U.S. population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:2237–42.

Kato K Wong LY Jia LT Kuklenyik Z Calafat AM . Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: 1999–2008. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:8037–45.

Kato K Calafat AM Wong LY Wanigatunga AA Caudill SP Needham LL . Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in pooled sera from children participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:2641–7.

Olsen GW Burris JM Ehresman DJ Froehlich JW Seacat AM Butenhoff JL Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:1298–305.

Alexander BH Olsen GW . Bladder cancer in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:471–8.

Leonard RC Kreckmann KH Sakr CJ Symons JM . Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers in a polymer production plant including a reference population of regional workers. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:15–22.

Lundin JI Alexander BH Olsen GW Church TR . Ammonium perfluorooctanoate production and occupational mortality. Epidemiology 2009; 20:921–8.

Steenland K Woskie S . Cohort mortality study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176:909–17.

Vieira VM Hoffman K Shin HM Weinberg JM Webster TF Fletcher T . Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and cancer outcomes in a contaminated community: a geographic analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2013; 121:318–23.

Steenland K Fletcher T Savitz DA . Epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:1100–8.

Post GB Cohn PD Cooper KR . Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. Environ Res 2012; 116:93–117.

Svoboda DJ Azarnoff DL . Tumors in male rats fed ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, a hypolipidemic drug. Cancer Res 1979; 39:3419–28.

Cook JC Murray SM Frame SR Hurtt ME . Induction of Leydig cell adenomas by ammonium perfluorooctanoate: a possible endocrine-related mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 113:209–17.

Environmental Protection Agency (US), Science Advisory Board. SAB review of EPA's draft risk assessment of potential human health effects associated with PFOA and its salts. Washington: EPA; 2006.

Goldenthal EI Jessup DC Geil RG Jefferson ND Arceo RJ Ruecker FA . Final report: ninety day subacute rat toxicity study on Fluoradŕ fluorochemical, FC-143. International Research and Development Corporation, Study No. 137-089, 3M Reference No. T-3141, November 6, 1978, U.S. EPA Administrative Record, AR226-0441.

Butenhoff J Costa G Elcombe C Farrar D Hansen K Iwai H Toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate in male cynomolgus monkeys after oral dosing for 6 months. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69:244–57.

Corsini E Sangiovanni E Avogadro A Galbiati V Viviani B Marinovich M In vitro characterization of the immunotoxic potential of several perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 258:248–55.

Grandjean P Andersen EW Budtz-Jorgensen E Nielsen F Molbak K Weihe P Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds [published erratum appears in JAMA 2012; 307:1142]. JAMA 2012; 307:391–7.

Fei C McLaughlin JK Lipworth L Olsen J . Prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS and risk of hospitalization for infectious diseases in early childhood. Environ Res 2010; 110:773–7.

Granum B Haug LS Namork E Stolevik SB Thomsen C Aaberge IS Pre-natal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may be associated with altered vaccine antibody levels and immune-related health outcomes in early childhood. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 10:373–9.

White SS Fenton SE Hines EP . Endocrine disrupting properties of perfluorooctanoic acid. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:16–26.

Grandjean P Budtz-Jorgensen E . Immunotoxicity of perfluorinated alkylates: calculation of benchmark doses based on serum concentrations in children. Environ Health 2013; 12:35.

Sass J . The chemical industry delay game: how the chemical industry ducks regulation of the most toxic substances. Washington: Natural Resources Defense Council; 2011.

National Research Council. Science and decisions: advancing risk assessment. Washington: National Academies Press; 2009.

Grandjean P . Science for precautionary decision-making. In: Gee D Grandjean P Hansen SF van den Hove S MacGarvin M Martin J editors. Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency; 2013. p. 623–42.