Student Column Demographic Disparities in the Tobacco Retail Environment in Boston: A Citywide Spatial Analysis

Williams DR Kontos EZ Viswanath K Haas JS Lathan CS MacConaill LE , Integrating multiple social statuses in health disparities research: The case of lung cancer. Health Serv Res 2012;47(3 Pt 2):1255–77.

Yu D Peterson NA Sheffer MA Reid RJ Schneider JE , Tobacco outlet density and demographics: Analysing the relationships with a spatial regression approach. Public Health 2010;124:412–6.

Laws MB Whitman J Bowser DM Krech L. Tobacco availability and point of sale marketing in demographically contrasting districts of Massachusetts. Tob Control 2002;11 Suppl 2:ii71–3.

Hyland A Travers MJ Cummings KM Bauer J Alford T Wieczorek WF , Tobacco outlet density and demographics in Erie County, New York. Am J Public Health 2003;93:1075–6.

Schneider JE Reid RJ Peterson NA Lowe JB Hughey J. Tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in Iowa: Implications for environmentally based prevention initiatives. Prev Sci 2005;6:319–25.

Peterson NA Lowe JB Reid RJ , Tobacco outlet density, cigarette smoking prevalence, and demographics at the county level of analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2005;40:1627–35.

Novak SP Reardon SF Raudenbush SW Buka SL , Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: A propensity-modeling approach. Am J Public Health 2006;96:670–6.

Fakunle D Morton CM Peterson NA , The importance of income in the link between tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in New Jersey. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2010;9:249–59.

Siahpush M Jones PR Singh GK Timsina LR Martin J. Association of availability of tobacco products with socio-economic and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods. Public Health 2010;124:525–9.

Peterson NA Yu D Morton CM Reid RJ Sheffer MA Schneider JE , Tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in New Jersey: A statewide analysis. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 2011;18:47–52.

Rodriguez D Carlos HA Adachi-Mejia AM Berke EM Sargent JD , Predictors of tobacco outlet density nationwide: A geographic analysis. Tob Control 2013;22:349–55.

Schneider S Gruber J. Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: First hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany. Public Health Nutr 2013;16:1168–77.

Loomis BR Kim AE Goetz JL Juster HR , Density of tobacco retailers and its association with sociodemographic characteristics of communities across New York. Public Health 2013;127:333–8.

LeSage J Pace RK , Introduction to spatial econometrics. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2009.

Ward MD Gleditsch KS , Spatial regression models. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications, Inc.; 2008.

Waller LA Gotway CA , Applied spatial statistics for public health data. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Interscience; 2004.

Bailey TC Gratrell AC , Interactive spatial data analysis. Harlow Essex (England): Longman Group Limited; 1995.

ESRI. ArcGIS: Release 10. Redlands (CA): ESRI; 2011.

Anselin L Bera AK , Spatial dependence in linear regression models with an introduction to spatial econometrics. In: Ullah A Giles DEA , editors. Handbook of applied economic statistics. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998. p. 237–89.

Anselin L. Spatial econometrics: Methods and models. Dordrecht (Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1988.

Franco M Roux AV Diez Glass TA Caballero B Brancati FL , Neighborhood characteristics and availability of healthy foods in Baltimore. Am J Prev Med 2008;35:561–7.

Moore LV Roux AV Diez Evenson KR McGinn AP Brines SJ , Availability of recreational resources in minority and low socioeconomic status areas. Am J Prev Med 2008;34:16–22.

Moore LV Roux AV. Diez Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores. Am J Public Health 2006;96:325–31.

Subramanian SV Chen JT Rehkopf DH Waterman PD Krieger N. Racial disparities in context: A multilevel analysis of neighborhood variations in poverty and excess mortality among black populations in Massachusetts [published erratum appears in Am J Public Health 2005;95:375]. Am J Public Health 2005;95:260–5.

Kelly CM Schootman M Baker EA Barnidge EK Lemes A. The association of sidewalk walkability and physical disorder with area-level race and poverty. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007;61:978–83.

Franzini L Taylor W Elliott MN Cuccaro P Tortolero SR Gilliland M Janice Neighborhood characteristics favorable to outdoor physical activity: Disparities by socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Health Place 2010;16:267–74.

Cradock AL Kawachi I Colditz GA Hannon C Melly SJ Wiecha JL , Playground safety and access in Boston neighborhoods. Am J Prev Med 2005;28:357–63.

Chen JT Rehkopf DH Waterman PD Subramanian SV Coull BA Cohen B , Mapping and measuring social disparities in premature mortality: The impact of census tract poverty within and across Boston neighborhoods, 1999–2001. J Urban Health 2006;83:1063–84.

Duncan DT Aldstadt J Whalen J White K Castro MC Williams DR , Space, race, and poverty: Spatial inequalities in walkable neighborhood amenities? Demographic Res 2012;26:409–48.

Block JP Scribner RA DeSalvo KB , Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: A geographic analysis. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:211–7.

Cliff AD Ord JK , Spatial processes: Models and applications. London: Pion Limited; 1981.

Duncan DT Kawachi I White K Williams DR , The geography of recreational open space: Influence of neighborhood racial composition and neighborhood poverty. J Urban Health 2013;90:618–31.

Clifford P Richardson S. Testing association between two spatial processes. In: Possolo A , editor. Spacial statistics and imaging: Papers from the research conference on image analysis and spatial statistics held at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, summer 1988. Hayward (CA): Institute of Mathematical Statistics; 1991. p. 295–308.

Haining R. Bivariate correlation with spatial data. Geogr Anal 1991;23:210–27.

The elimination of spurious correlation due to position in time or space. Biometrika 1914;10:179–80.

Smiley MJ Roux AV Diez Brines SJ Brown DG Evenson KR Rodriguez DA , A spatial analysis of health-related resources in three diverse metropolitan areas. Health Place 2010;16:885–92.

Anselin L Bera AK Florax R Yoon MJ , Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence. Reg Sci Urban Econ 1996;26:77–104.

Anselin L. Lagrange multiplier test diagnostics for spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Geogr Anal 1988;20:1–17.

Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 1974;19:716–23.

Pace RK LeSage JP , A spatial Hausman test. Econ Letters 2008;101:282–4.

Bivand RS Pebesma E Gómez-Rubio V. Applied spatial data analysis with R. New York: Springer; 2008.

Cohen JE Anglin L. Outlet density: A new frontier for tobacco control. Addiction 2009;104:2–3.

Ashe M Jernigan D Kline R Galaz R. Land use planning and the control of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and fast food restaurants. Am J Public Health 2003;93:1404–8.

D/Angelo H Fleischhacker S Rose SW Ribisl K. Evidence of validity for commercial databases to identify tobacco retailers in a state without tobacco retailer licensing. National Conference on Tobacco or Health; 2012 Aug 15–17; Kansas City, Missouri.

Frick M Castro MC , Tobacco retail clustering around schools in New York City: Examining “place” and “space”. Health Place 2013;19:15–24.

Krieger N Chen JT Waterman PD Soobader MJ Subramanian SV Carson R. Geocoding and monitoring of US socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and cancer incidence: Does the choice of area-based measure and geographic level matter?: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:471–82.

Subramanian SV Chen JT Rehkopf DH Waterman PD Krieger N. Comparing individual- and area-based socioeconomic measures for the surveillance of health disparities: A multilevel analysis of Massachusetts births, 1989–1991. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:823–34.

Krieger N Chen JT Waterman PD Rehkopf DH Subramanian SV , Race/ethnicity, gender, and monitoring socioeconomic gradients in health: A comparison of area-based socioeconomic measures—the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Public Health 2003;93:1655–71.

Li W Kelsey JL Zhang Z Lemon SC Mezgebu S Boddie-Willis C , Small-area estimation and prioritizing communities for obesity control in Massachusetts. Am J Public Health 2009;99:511–9.

Li W Land T Zhang Z Keithly L Kelsey JL , Small-area estimation and prioritizing communities for tobacco control efforts in Massachusetts. Am J Public Health 2009;99:470–9.

Reynolds H Amrhein CG , Using a spatial data set generator in an empirical analysis of aggregation effects on univariate statistics. Geogr Environ Modelling 1997;1:199–220.

Openshaw S Taylor PJ , A million or so correlation coefficients: Three experiments on the modifiable areal unit problem. In: Wrigley N , editor. Statistical applications in spatial sciences. London: Pion Ltd.; 1979. p. 127–44.

Wong D. The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). In: Fotheringham AS Rogerson PA , editors. The SAGE handbook of spatial analysis. London: SAGE Publications; 2009. p. 105–24.

Arbia G. Spatial data configuration in statistical analysis of regional economics and related problems. Dordrecht (Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989.