Food and Agriculture Organization. Projections of tobacco production, consumption and trade to the year 2010. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2003.
3.
RogersJM. Tobacco and pregnancy: Overview of exposures and effects. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today2008;84:1–15.
4.
Department of Health and Human Services (US). The health consequences of smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): DHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health (US);2004.
5.
KlineJSteinZASusserMWarburtonD.Smoking: A risk factor for spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med1977;297:793–6.
6.
ArmstrongBGMcDonaldADSloanM.Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and spontaneous abortion. Am J Public Health1992;82:85–7.
7.
GeorgeLGranathFJohanssonALAnnerenGCnattingiusS.Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology2006;17:500–5.
8.
NessRBGrissoJAHirschingerNMarkovicNShawLMDayNL, Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med1999;340:333–9.
9.
RaschV.Cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption: Risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand2003;82:182–8.
10.
OzgurKIsikogluMSelekerMDonmezL.Semen quality of smoking and non-smoking men in infertile couples in a Turkish population. Arch Gynecol Obstet2005;271:109–12.
11.
SofikitisNMiyagawaIDimitriadisDZavosPSikkaSHellstromW.Effects of smoking on testicular function, semen quality and sperm fertilizing capacity. J Urol1995;154:1030–4.
12.
ZinamanMJBrownCCSelevanSGCleggED. Semen quality and human fertility: A prospective study with healthy couples. J Androl2000;21:145–53.
13.
PasqualottoFFSobreiroBPHallakJPasqualottoEBLuconAM. Cigarette smoking is related to a decrease in semen volume in a population of fertile men. BJU Int2006;97:324–6.
14.
VennersSAWangXChenCWangLChenDGuangW, Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: A prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol2004;159:993–1001.
15.
ChatenoudLParazziniFdi CintioEZanconatoGBenziGBortolusR, Paternal and maternal smoking habits before conception and during the first trimester: Relation to spontaneous abortion. Ann Epidemiol1998;8:520–6.
16.
WindhamGCSwanSHFensterL.Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol1992;135:1394–403.
17.
WindhamGCVonBehren JWallerKFensterL.Exposure to environmental and mainstream tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol1999;149:243–7.
Torres-SanchezLRothenbergSJSchnaasLCebrianMEOsorioEDel CarmenHernandez M, In utero p,p'-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: A perinatal cohort in Mexico. Environ Health Perspect2007;115:435–9.
20.
SavitzDASonnenfeldNLOlshanAF. Review of epidemiologic studies of paternal occupational exposure and spontaneous abortion. Am J Ind Med1994;25:361–83.
21.
StataCorp. Stata: Release 9.2. College Station (TX): StataCorp.; 2005.
22.
StillmanRJRosenbergMJSachsBP. Smoking and reproduction. Fertil Steril1986;46:545–66.
23.
EconomidesDBraithwaiteJ.Smoking, pregnancy and the fetus. J R Soc Health1994;114:198–201.
24.
GoczePMSzaboIFreemanDA. Influence of nicotine, cotinine, anabasine and cigarette smoke extract on human granulosa cell progesterone and estradiol synthesis. Gynecol Endocrinol1999;13: 266–72.
25.
JoesburyKAEdirisingheWRPhillipsMRYovichJL. Evidence that male smoking affects the likelihood of a pregnancy following IVF treatment: Application of the modified cumulative embryo score. Hum Reprod1998;13:1506–13.
26.
PattinsonHATaylorPJPattinsonMH. The effect of cigarette smoking on ovarian function and early pregnancy outcome of in vitro fertilization treatment. Fertil Steril1991;55:780–3.
27.
OlsenJSkovT.Design options and methodological fallacies in the studies of reproductive failures. Environ Health Perspect1993;101Suppl 2:145–52.
28.
ReganLRaiR.Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol2000;14:839–54.
29.
Borja-AburtoVHHertz-PicciottoIRojasLopez MFariasPRiosCBlancoJ.Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol1999;150:590–7.