Lessons Learned from the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic in Minneapolis and St. Paul,Minnesota

Barry JM . The great influenza: the epic story of the deadliest plague in history. New York: Penguin; 2004.

State Board of Health and Vital Statistics of Minnesota. Eighth biennial report 1918–1919. Minneapolis: State Board of Health and Vital Statistics of the State of Minnesota; 1920.

Spanish Influenza gains headway here. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 1; 8.

Influenza gains slowly in city. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 10; 1, 8.

Influenza gains among civilians. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 9; 1, 7.

Editorial. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 3; 16.

Sailors may attend influenza patients. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Nov 3; 4.

Henry Bracken to Rupert Blue, 1918 Nov 13, Minnesota Department of Health Correspondence and Miscellaneous Records, 1895–1954, Minnesota Historical Society.

Henry Bracken to Rupert Blue, 1918 Nov 2, Minnesota Department of Health Correspondence and Miscellaneous Records, 1895–1954, Minnesota Historical Society.

Henry Bracken to Dr. Merritte W. Ireland, 1918 Nov 16, Minnesota Department of Health Correspondence and Miscellaneous Records, 1895–1954, Minnesota Historical Society.

Business hours may be changed to curb epidemic. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 15; 1, 10.

Lid on tomorrow includes schools. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 5; 6.

150 cases of influenza in Minneapolis. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Sep 30; 1.

Mill City closed. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Oct 12; 1, 6.

Doctors propose drastic lid be clamped on city. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 11; 1, 2.

Clash over school order due Monday. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 20; 1.

Push grip fight. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Oct 30; 1.

Epidemic controlled in city's army camps car crowds, 558 pupils stricken. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 29; 10.

Trade hours set to stem Spanish Influenza here. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 16; 1, 2.

Ban on until deaths decrease to 7 a day. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Nov 10; 14.

Sweeping order against influenza in effect here today. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 6; 1, 7.

Influenza lid clamped tight all over city. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 13; 1, 10.

See less influenza. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Oct 15; 8.

Pins will fall. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 17; 7.

“Flu” order stops park grid games. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 14; 18, 12.

High school games neither on nor off. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 15; 18, 12.

Fail to report grip. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 8; 10.

Plan survey of influenza cases. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 7; 1.

All lifts to run. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 9; 1, 7.

School chiefs face arrest or injunction, city officials to use law as directors defy influenza ban. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 21; 1, 2.

Guilford wins fight to keep schools shut. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 22; 1.

Shows open today. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 15; 1.

Influenza relief work disrupted as a result of telephone strike. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 16; 1.

Influenza lid to go on city today. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 4; 1, 3.

Speed grip fight. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 2; 1.

Influenza spread held slight here. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 2; 1, 4.

Influenza halts “U” opening to all but S.A.T.C. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 5; 1, 22.

Cafes and bars hit by grip ban. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Dec 14; 1.

Serum to be issued. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Oct 19; 6.

Epidemic statistics show decline in city. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 25; 15.

Rosenow EC . Prophylactic inoculation against respiratory infections during the present pandemic of influenza. Preliminary report. JAMA 1919;72:31–4.

Epidemic brings mercy problems. St. Paul Pioneer Press 1918 Nov 17; 1.

Teachers released for school closing period. Minneapolis Tribune 1918 Oct 15; 11.

Telegram from Rupert Blue to Dr. Henry Bracken, 1918 Oct 6, 6:49 pm, Minnesota Department of Health Correspondence and Miscellaneous Records, 1895–1954, Minnesota Historical Society.

Hatchett RJ Mercher CE Lipsitch M . Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007;104:7582–7.