A Meta-analysis of the Relations Between Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Practices

Abstract

The question of why parents parent the way they do is central in parenting studies. Research about the predictors of parenting has been guided by Belsky’s classical model of parenting determinants. In this model, socioeconomic status was not explicitly considered as a determinant of parenting. However, there is ample research that came later that found relations between socioeconomic status and parenting. The aim of this study was to find an aggregate estimate of the relations between socioeconomic status and parenting practices using meta-analytic methods. We found that socioeconomic status was positively linked to positive parenting, and negatively linked to negative parenting. In particular, socioeconomic status was positively linked to parental warmth and parental behavioral control, but negatively linked to parental psychological control. The relations between socioeconomic status and positive or negative parenting were not moderated by child’s age or sex and did not differ based on the type of socioeconomic status indicator. Moreover, all the correlations were small in magnitude, and were comparable to other predictors of parenting such as parent’s depression, parent’s personality traits, and child’s temperament. Our results suggest that parent’s overall socioeconomic status, or its different constituents, supplement Belsky’s model of parenting determinants.

Keywords

Parenting child rearing socioeconomic status child development family studies

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