The importation and deprivation models were used to examine the patterns of rule violation among groups of seldom studied, long-term inmates who have no hope of being granted parole, murderers sentenced to life without parole or death. Age and race were found to be consistent predictors of prison rule violations, with younger Black inmates being most likely to commit assaultive violations and to be among a group of high-rate offenders. During the first 10 years of their incarceration, these lifers and death-sentenced inmates exhibited a stable pattern of rule violating congruent with previous research on long-term inmate populations.
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