Studies of prison crowding effects on inmate misconduct have produced anomalous findings, perhaps because of the cross-study differences in research methods. Different methods are important for several goals of scientific inquiry, but there are advantages to adopting similar approaches when studying a policy-relevant question. A cross-section of studies is reviewed toward the end of providing a strategy for more uniform research on the topic. Of primary interest are (a) operationalization of concepts; (b) underlying explanations for possible effects of crowding on misconduct; (c) the direct, indirect, and conditioning effects of crowding on misconduct; and (d) the bi-level nature of the crowding—misconduct relationship.
Blalock, H. (1978). Social statistics. New York : McGraw-Hill.
2.
Blumstein, A., & Beck, A. (1999). Population growth in U.S. prisons, 1980-1996. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 26, pp. 419-494). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., & Nagin, D. (1978). Deterrence and incapacitation: Estimating the effects of criminal sanctions on crime rates. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
4.
Bollen, K., & Ward, S. (1979). Ratio variables in aggregate data analysis: Their uses, problems, and alternatives. Sociological Methods and Research, 7, 431-450.
5.
Bonta, J., & Gendreau, P. (1990). Reexamining the cruel and unusual punishment of prison life. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 347-372.
6.
Camp, S., Gaes, G., Langan, N., & Saylor, W. (2003). The influence of prisons on inmate misconduct: A multilevel investigation. Justice Quarterly, 20, 501-533.
7.
Cao, L., Zhao, J., & Van Dine, S. (1997). Prison disciplinary tickets: A test of the deprivation and importation models. Journal of Criminal Justice, 25, 103-113.
8.
Chamlin, M., & Cochran, J. (2004). An excursus on the population size-crime relationship . Western Criminological Review, 5, 119-130.
9.
Clemmer, D. (1940). The prison community. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
10.
DiIulio, J. (1987). Governing prisons: A comparative study of correctional management. New York: Free Press .
11.
Durkheim, E. (1933). The division of labor in society (G. Simpson, Trans.). New York: Free Press.
12.
Durlak, J., & Lipsey, M. (1991). A practitioner's guide to meta-analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 291-332.
13.
Eckland-Olson, S., Barrick, D., & Cohen, L. (1983). Prison overcrowding and disciplinary problems: An analysis of the Texas prison system. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 19, 163-176.
14.
Farrington, K. (1992). The modern prison as a total institution? Public perception versus objective reality. Crime & Delinquency , 38, 6-26.
15.
Fry, L., & Frese, W. (1992). Bringing the convict back in: An ecological approach to inmate adaptions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 20, 355-365.
16.
Gaes, G. (1985). The effects of overcrowding in prison. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 6, pp. 95-146). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17.
Gaes, G. (1994). Prison crowding research reexamined. The Prison Journal, 74, 329-363.
18.
Gaes, G., & McGuire, W. (1985). Prison violence: The contribution of crowding versus other determinants of prison assault rates. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 22, 41-65.
19.
Garner, J., Fagan, J., & Maxwell, C. (1995). Published findings from the spouse abuse replication program: A critical review. Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 11, 3-28.
20.
Gendreau, P., Goggin, C., & Law, M. (1997). Predicting prison misconduct. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 24, 414-431.
21.
Gillespie, W. (2005). A multilevel model of drug abuse inside prison . The Prison Journal, 85, 223-246.
22.
Goodstein, L., MacKenzie, D., & Shotland, R. (1984). Personal control and inmate adjustment to prison . Criminology, 22, 343-369.
23.
Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
24.
Gover, A., MacKenzie, D., & Armstrong, G. (2000). Importation and deprivation explanations of juveniles' adjustment to correctional facilities. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 450-467.
25.
Harer, M., & Steffensmeier, D. (1996). Race and prison violence . Criminology, 34, 323-355.
26.
Harrison, P., & Beck, A. (2003). Prisoners in 2002. Washington, DCBureau of Justice StatisticsBulletin.
27.
Hewitt, J., Poole, E., & Regoli, R. (1984). Self-reported and observed rule-breaking in prison: A look at disciplinary response. Justice Quarterly, 3, 437-447.
28.
Hindelang, M., Hirschi, T., & Weiss, J. (1981). Measuring delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
29.
Huebner, B. (2002). Administrative determinants of inmate violence: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 107-117.
30.
Irwin, J. (1980). Prisons in turmoil. Boston: Little, Brown.
31.
Irwin, J., & Cressey, D. (1962). Thieves, convicts and the inmate culture. Social Problems, 10, 142-155.
32.
Jacobs, J. (1976). Stratification and conflict among prison inmates . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 66, 476-482.
33.
Jacobs, J. (1980). The prisoners' rights movement and its impacts: 1960-1980. In N. Morris & M. Tonry (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 2, pp. 429-470). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34.
Jiang, S., & Fisher-Giorlando, M. (2002). Inmate misconduct: A test of the deprivation, importation, and situational models. The Prison Journal, 82, 335-358.
35.
Kautt, P. (2002). Location, location, location: Interdistrict and intercircuit variation in sentencing outcomes for federal drug-trafficking offenses. Justice Quarterly, 19, 633-671.
36.
Klofas, J., Stojkovic, S., & Kalinich, D. (1992). The meaning of correctional crowding: Steps toward and index of severity. Crime & Delinquency, 38, 171-188.
37.
Lattimore, P., & Baker, J. (1992). The impact of recidivism and capacity on prison populations. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 8, 189-215.
38.
Maddala, G.S. (2001). Introduction to econometrics. New York: John Wiley.
39.
MacKenzie, D. (1987). Age and adjustment to prison: Interactions with attitudes and anxiety. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 14, 427-447.
40.
McCorkle, R., Miethe, T., & Drass, K. (1995). The roots of prison violence: A test of the deprivation, management, and no-so-total institution models. Crime & Delinquency, 41, 317-331.
41.
Paterline, B., & Peterson, D. (1999). The structural and social psychological determinants of prisonization. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 427-441.
42.
Paulus, P., & Dzindolet, M. (1993). Reactions of male and female inmates to prison confinement: Further evidence for a two component model. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 149-166.
43.
Paulus, P., McCain, G., & Cox, V. (1985). The effects of crowding in prisons and jails. In D. Farrington & J. Gunn (Eds.), Reactions to crime: The public, the police, courts, and prisons (pp. 113-134). New York: John Wiley.
44.
Pelissier, B. (1991). The effects of a rapid increase in a prison population: A pre- and posttest study. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 18, 427-447.
45.
Riveland, C. (1999). Prison management trends, 1975-2025. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 26, pp. 163-204). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46.
Rosenthal, R. (1995). Writing meta-analytic reviews. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 183-192.
47.
Ruback, R.B., & Carr, T. (1993). Prison crowding over time: The relationship of density and changes in density to infraction rates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 130-148.
48.
Sechrest, D. (1991). The effects of density on jail assaults. Journal of Criminal Justice, 19, 211-223.
49.
Shadish, W., Cook, T., & Campbell, D. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
50.
Shaw, C., & McKay, H. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
51.
Sorenson, J., Wrinkle, R., & Gutierrez, A. (1998). Patterns of rule-violating behaviors and adjustment to incarceration among murderers. The Prison Journal, 78, 222-231.
52.
Steinke, P. (1991). Using situational factors to predict types of prison violence. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 17, 119-132.
53.
Sykes, G. (1958). The society of captives: A study of a maximum security prison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
54.
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
55.
Tartaro, C. (2002). The impact of density on jail violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 499-510.
56.
Toch, H. (1977). Living in prison: The ecology of survival. New York: Free Press.
57.
Useem, B. (1985). Disorganization and the New Mexico Prison Riot of 1980. American Sociological Review, 50, 667-688.
58.
Useem, B., & Kimball, P. (1989). States of siege: U.S. prison riots, 1971-1986 . New York: Oxford University Press .
59.
Useem, B., & Reisig, M. (1999). Collective action in prisons: Protests, disturbances, and riots. Criminology, 37, 735-759.
60.
Vaughn, M. (1993). Listening to the experts: A national study of correctional administrators' responses to prison overcrowding." Criminal Justice Review, 18, 12-25.
61.
Walters, G. (1998). Time series and correlational analyses of inmate-initiated assaultive incidents in a large correctional system. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 42, 124-132.
62.
Wooldredge, J. (1996). Research note: A state-level analysis of sentencing policies and inmate crowding in state prisons. Crime & Delinquency, 42, 456-466.
63.
Wooldredge, J. (1998). Inmate lifestyles and opportunities for victimization . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 480-502.
64.
Wooldredge, J., Griffin, T., & Pratt, T. (2001). Considering hierarchical models for research on inmate behavior: Predicting misconduct with multilevel data. Justice Quarterly, 18, 203-231.
65.
Wright, K. (1985). Developing the prison environment inventory. Journal of Research of Crime and Delinquency, 22, 257-277.
66.
Wright, K. (1991). A study of individual, environmental, and interactive effects in explaining adjustment to prison. Justice Quarterly , 8, 217-242.
67.
Wright, K. (1993). Prison environment and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 20, 93-113.
68.
Wright, K., & Goodstein, L. (1989). Correctional environments. In L. Goodstein & D. MacKenzie (Eds.), The American prison: Issues in research and policy (pp. 253-272). New York: Plenum.
69.
Zimring, F., & Hawkins, G. (1991). The scale of imprisonment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
