The 1994 Crime Act authorized $10 billion through fiscal year 2000 to help states expand prison space for violent offenders, provided states had truth-in-sentencing (TIS) laws. Few states enacted new TIS statutes to qualify for funding; only $2.7 million actually reached the states. By the end of fiscal year 1999, more than 50,000 new beds had been added using violent offender incarceration (VOI) and TIS funds, a capacity increase of around 4%. TIS did not increase incarcerations per violent crime committed. The percentage of sentence served by released violent offenders has increased since 1993 for both TIS and non-TIS states. By fiscal year 2002, VOI/TIS funding was discontinued.
Bennett, W. J.
(1994). It’s time to throw the switch on the federal crime bill (Issues Bulletin 164). Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
2.
Bidinotto, R. J.
(1988, July). Getting away with murder. Readers Digest, pp. 57-63.
3.
Bidinotto, R. J.
(Ed.). (1996). Criminal justice? The legal system versus individual responsibility. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic Education.
4.
Brooks, J.
(1993, October 26). The violent crime and law enforcement control and law enforcement act of 1993. Congressional Record, 139(146).
5.
Bureau of Justice Assistance
. (1996). National assessment of structured sentencing (Monograph No. NCJ-153853). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
6.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
. (2004a). Corrections programs. Retrieved April 16, 2004, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/grant/corrections.html
7.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
. (2004b). Prisoners sentenced to more than a year, 1977-98. Retrieved March 3, 2004, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htm%23selected
8.
Bush proposed ending grants for prison and jail construction
. (2001). Corrections Journal, 4(21).
9.
Carrington, F.
(1975). The victims. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.
10.
Carrington, F.
(1983). Crime and justice: A conservative strategy. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
11.
Cary, M. K.
(1993). How states can fight violent crime: Two dozen steps to a safer America (State Backgrounder Series). Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
12.
Center for Media and Public Affairs
. (2004). 1994 year in review: TV’s leading news topics, reporters, and political jokes. Media Monitor. Retrieved March 1, 2004, from http://www.cmpa.com/Mediamon/mm010295.htm%23tv
13.
Chen, E.
(2000). Impacts of three strikes and truth in sentencing on the volume and composition of correctional populations. Unpublished research report to the National Institute of Justice.
14.
Davis, J. A.
(1997, February/March). The GSS—Capturing American attitude change. Public Perspective, pp. 31-34.
15.
Frankel, M.
(1972). Criminal sentences: Law without order. New York: Hill and Wang.
16.
General Accounting Office
. (1998). Truth in sentencing: Availability of federal grants influenced by laws in some states (GAO/GGD-98-42). Washington, DC: Author.
17.
Gettinger, S.
(1977). Three states adopt flat time; Others wary. Corrections Magazine, 3(3), 16-36.
18.
Lyons, D.
(2002). State crime legislation in 2001 (State Legislative Report 27, 4). Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislatures.
19.
Lyons, D.
(2003). State crime legislation in 2002 (State Legislative Report 28, 3). Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislatures.
20.
Lyons, D.
(2004). State crime legislation in 2003 (State Legislative Report 29, 1). Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislatures.
21.
Martinson, R.
(1974). What works?—Questions and answers about prison reform. Public Interest, 35, 22-54.
22.
McNulty, P. J.
(1993). What’s wrong with the Brooks and Biden crime bills (Issues Bulletin 184). Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
23.
McNulty, P. J.
(1994). Rhetoric vs. reality: A closer look at the congressional crime bill (Issues Bulletin 189). Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
24.
Oliver, W. M.
(2003). The law & order presidency. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25.
Ostrom, B. J.
, Cheesman, F., Jones, A., Peterson, M., & Kauder, N. (1999). Truth-in-sentencing in Virginia: Evaluating the process and impact of sentencing reform. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts.
26.
President’s budget has increase for Federal Bureau of Prisons
. (2003). Corrections Journal, 6(15).
27.
Sobel, W. J.
, Rosich, K., Kane, K. M., Kirk, D. P., & Dubin, G. (2002). The influences of truth-in-sentencing reforms on changes in states’ sentencing practices and prison populations. Report to the National Institute of Justice.
28.
Stith, K.
, & Koh, S. Y. (1993). The politics of sentencing reform: The legislative history of the federal sentencing guidelines. Wake Forest Law Review, 28, 223-290.
29.
Tonry, M.
(1996). Sentencing matters. New York: Oxford University Press.
30.
Wilson, J. Q.
(1975). Thinking about crime. New York: Basic Books.
