Native Americans have been subjected to some of the cruelest punishment doled out by the United States. They were subjected to ethnic cleansing and concentration camps. They were even subjected to mass executions. Indeed, 38 Santee Sioux were hanged on December 26, 1862, under the direction of President Lincoln. This article looks at the Native reaction to these judicial abuses, tracing the events from Wounded Knee II and the American Indian Movement (AIM) to the establishment of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) and the efforts during the past quarter of a century for Indian-led reforms throughout the U.S. legal system.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Indian Religious Freedom Act. (1978, August 11). U.S. Statutes at Large, 92, 469-470.
2.
Banai, E. (1978). We, yesterday, today, tomorrow. St. Paul, MN: Red School House Publication.
3.
DeAngelis, T. (1994). History, culture affect treatment for Indians. APA Monitor, 27, 36.
4.
Deloria, V. Jr., (1969). Custer died for your sins. New York: Avon.
5.
Employment Division, Department of Human Resouces of the State of Oregon, et al. v. Smith, No. 86-946 U.S. Supreme Court (1988), 660-79 U.S. 872 (1990).
6.
French, L. A. (1987). Native American prison survival schools. In L. A. French (Ed.), Indians and criminal justice (pp. 187-195). Totowa, NJ: Allanheld, Osmun & Co.
7.
French, L. A. (1994). Approaches toward correcting Indian marginality. In The winds of injustice: American Indians and the U.S. Government (pp. 207-233). New York: Garland.
8.
French, L. A., & LaPlante, C. (1997). Traditional healing among the Sioux. In L. A. French (Ed), Counseling American Indians (pp. 111-144). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
9.
Grobsmith, E. S. (1994). Indians in prison. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
10.
Indian Inmates of Nebraska Penitentiary v. Charles L. Wolff, Jr., CV 72-L-156 (1974).
11.
Indian Inmates of the Nebraska Penitentiary v. Jospeh Vitex, Cv 72-L-156 (1974).
12.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reindhold.
13.
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.
14.
Public Law 103-344. (1994). American Indian Religious Freedom Act—Amendments of 1994 H.R., 4230, 1-3.
15.
Searles, D. M. (1994). Fake medicineman scam the dying. Cherokee One Feather, 28, 1.
16.
Wounded Shield et al. v. Gunter, CV 85-L-459 (1987).
