For various constitutional, political and other reasons arising out of its federal character, Australia's external policies have been noticeably constrained. The problem became more acute during the Whitlam Governments, owing to Labor's centralist proclivities, venturesome external policies, and the lack of party-political congruence between the federal Government and most state governments. Opportunities for the realisation of federal external policy objectives have recently been broadened by a major ruling of the High Court. All the same, there is every indication of continuing state impact on the conduct and content of external policy.
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