The goal of stealth is to reduce casualties and should be used in preference to an explosive, dynamic entry unless the stealth entry is compromised. For more detail see Sanow (1993).
2.
Specifically, reviewing a typical annual income bracket ($15,000–29,999) group of respondents, 29% reported that the police protect them from crime a great deal, 43% reported some, 16% reported little, and 9% reported none at all. Twenty-five percent reported that the police can solve crime a great deal, 40% reported they can solve some of it, 19% reported they do solve it a little, and 10% reported not at all. Lastly, 18% reported that the police can prevent crime a great deal, 47% reported they can do it some of the time, 24% reported a little, and 8% reported not at all. Source (BJS, 1996, Table 2).
3.
Although some of those reporting agencies indicated that specific sworn officers would handle critical incidents but were not trained specifically to do so. Other jurisdictions indicated that they replied on other agencies to report to critical situations.
4.
Government statistics report that there were 703 police departments with an average of 62 sworn officers with populations from 25,000 to 49,999 in the United States (BJS, 1996). Therefore the agencies surveyed were typical of most law enforcement agencies with those approximate populations.
5.
Except for race (southern state respondents represented more blacks than the other states and western states reported more Hispanics), age was lower in the midwest, and average income was greater in midwest than the other two areas.
6.
Although there was a consistency from the reports of both type agencies, the only exception was that in the SWAT agencies VIP protection and hostage situations were reversed.
7.
It could have been statistically more compelling to compare other communities who lacked a police tactical unit with cities that had a tactical unit. However, time constraints dictated other methods of comparison, and the findings are so vastly different between the government data and the findings from this study that it is clear that communities where SWAT is active has a different point of view held by its community members than the thousands polled for the government study which probably included both cities with police tactical units and cities without tact units. Nonetheless, this notion does not invalidate the conclusions of this researcher.
8.
AnechiaricoF., and JacobsJ. (1996) The pursuit of absolute integrity, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
9.
Bureau of Justice Statistics (1996) Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 1996, Washington DC: US Department of Justice, US Government Printing Office.
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15.
FlynnM. (1997, March) “Special weapons and tactics operations”, Law and Order, 45(3), 75–78.
16.
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17.
GordonM.T., and RigerS. (1989) The female fear: The social cost of rape, NY: Free Press.
18.
JonesK.M. (1995) “State Police Special Operation Units: An empirical investigation of selection and training”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University.
19.
JonesT.L. (1997, March) “Avoiding the militarization of SWAT terms”, Law and Order, 45(3), 71–73.
20.
Killed in the line of duty (1992, September) A study of selected felonious killings of law enforcement officers, Washington DC: US Department of Justice, US Government Printing Office.
21.
Law enforcement officers killed and assaulted (1995) Uniform crime reports, Washington DC: US Department of Justice, US Government Printing Office.
22.
MurphyB.C. (1993) “Police misconduct”, National Bulletin on Police Misconduct, 10(1), complete issue.
23.
National Tactical Officers Association (1997) Post critical response report project, unpublished raw data.
24.
North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (1997) Post-critical response report, 1995–1997, unpublished raw data.
25.
RadeletL.A., and CarterD.L. (1994) The police and the community, New York: Macmillan.
26.
SanowE. (1993, March) “SWAT update”, Law Enforcement Technology, 20(3), 34–38.
StevensD.J. (1998a) Inside the mind of the serial mind, Bethesda, MD: Austin & Winfield.
31.
StevensD.J. (1998b) “Narcotic officers: A study of inexperience, virtue, and corruption”, The Law Enforcement Journal.
32.
StevensD.J. (1998c) “Arrest-conviction barriers of narcotic law enforcement officers”, The Police JournalLXXI(3), 213–225.
33.
StevensD.J. (1998d) “Interviews with women convicted of murder: Battered women syndrome revisited”, International Review of Victimology6, 31–49.
34.
StevensD.J. (1998e) “Incarcerated women, crime, and drug addiction”, The Criminologist, 22(1), 3–14.
35.
StevensD.J. (1998f) “What Do Law Enforcement Officers Think About Their Work?”The Law Enforcement Journal, 5(1), 60–62.
36.
StevensD.J. (1997) “Origins of prison gangs in North Carolina”, Journal of Gang Research, 4(4), 23–35.
37.
StevensD.J. (1997) “Communities and homicide: Why blacks resort to murder”, The Criminologist, 21(3), 145–157.
38.
StevensD.J. (1992) “Research note: The death sentence and inmate attitudes”, Crime & Delinquency38.
39.
StevensD.J. (1992) “Examining inmate attitudes: Do prisons deter crime?”The State of Corrections — American Correctional Association: 1991, 272–79.
40.
StocktonD. (1998, April) “SWAT's small town question”, Police, 20–24.
41.
SuperJ.T. (1995) “Psychological characteristics of successful SWAT/Tactical Response Team Personnel”, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 10(3), 60–63.
42.
WeinblattR.B. (1997, March) “Counseling and support for SWAT personnel”, Law and Order, 45(3), 68–70.
