Policing Social Conflict: A Balanced Approach

The story of the murder of Abel by his brother Cain is recorded in the fourth chapter of the Book of Genesis, The Bible. The motive for this killing is given as a conflict between Cain and his brother concerning the type of sacrifice offered to God.

Quoted from Malcher M. (1991).

Kruglanski (1993).

The Oxford English Dictionary, 5th edn.

Brewer (1995).

Reiner (1995).

Brewer (1995).

King and Brearley (1996), pp. 34–36.

King and Brearley (1996) and see also Thompson (1968), Pearson (1983) and Vogler (1991).

Zimbardo (1970)

Feierabend and Feierabend (1966, 1969 and 1973).

GURR (1968a, 1968b and 1970).

A limited discussion of these theories can be found in Waddington P. (1994).

Brewer (1994).

Brewer (1995).

Comments by the Prime Minister Mrs Thatcher during an interview by Sir Robin Day on Panorama on April 9, 1984.

Referred to by Thatcher Margaret (1993) The Downing Street Years.

Kahn (1983).

Referred to by Brewer For a selection see Fielding (1991), Fine and Miller (1985), Grimshaw and Jefferson (1987: 282–97) and Turk (1982).

Bayley (1982).

For a complete analysis of Bayley's arguments, see Brewer (1995), pp. 227–237.

Brewer .

Baxter (1999).

Ibid.

Extract from the Scarman Report: The Brixton Disorders, April 10–12, 1981. Scarman also found that lack of confidence in the police existed amongst all sections of the community, irrespective of race, sex or age. “The worst construction was frequently put upon police action, even when it was lawful, appropriate and sensible” (para.3.23).

Baxter N.S.J. (1999) “Policing the Line”, unpublished research: University of Ulster.

Bayley D.H. (1982) “A world perspective on the role of the police in social control”, in Donelan R. (Ed.) The maintenance of order in society, Ottawa: Canadian Police College.

Brewer J. (1995) Policing Northern Ireland's Divisions, Queen's University paper.

Brewer J.D. Guelke A. (1988) The police, public order and the state: Policing in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Irish Republic, the USA, South Africa and China, Basingstoke, Macmillan.

Brogden M. Jefferson T. and Walklate S. (1988) Introducing Policework, Unwin Hyman.

Critcher C. and Waddington D. (1996) Policing public order: Theoretical and practical issues, Aldershot: Avebury.

Dunning E. Murphy P. Newburn T. and Waddington I. , “Violent disorders in twentieth-century Britain”, in Gaskell G. and Benewick (Eds.) The crowd in contemporary Britain, London: Sage, pp. 19–75.

Feierabend I.K. and Feierabend R.L. (1966) “Systematic conditions of political aggression”, Journal of conflict resolution, Vol. 10, pp. 249–71.

Feierabend I.K. and Feierabend R.L. (1969) “Social change and political violence: Cross national patterns”, Violence in America, Vol. ii a report to the national commission on the causes and prevention of violence, Graham Davis H. and Gurr T.R. (Eds.), pp. 498–509, Washington, US government printing office.

Feierabend I.K. and Feierabend R.L. (1973) “Violent consequences of violence”, Hirsch and Perry , (Eds.) Violence as politics, New York: Harper and Row.

Fielding N. (1991) The police and social conflict: Rhetoric and reality, The Athlone Press.

Fine B. and Millar R. (Eds.) (1985) Policing the miners' strike, London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Fowler F.G. and Fowler H.W. (1969) The Oxford Dictioary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Gurr T.R. (1968a) “Urban disorder, perspectives from the comparative study of civil strife”, in Civil violence in the urban community, Masotti L.H. and Bowen D.R. (Eds.), pp. 51–67, California: Sage.

Gurr T.R. (1968b) “Psychological factors in civil violence”, World Politics, Vol. 20, pp. 245–78.

Gurr T. R. (1970) Why men rebel, Princetown University Press.

Jefferson T. and Grimshaw R. (1984) Controlling the constable: Police accountability in England and Wales, Frederick Muller/Cobden Trust.

King M. and Brearley N. (1996) Public order policing, Leicester: Perpetuity Press.

Kruglanski A.W. Bar-Tal D. and Klar Y. (1993) “A social cognitive theory of conflict”, in Larsen K.S. (Ed.) Conflict and social psychology, Oslo: Sage, pp. 45–56.

Lebon G. (1960) The crowd: A study of the popular mind, New York: Viking (first published 1896).

Malcher M.J.I. (1991) “The 1990s — the decade of international unrest?” The Police Journal, June.

Pearson G. (1983) Hooligan: A history of respectable fears, Basingstoke, Macmillan.

Reiner R. (1985) The politics of the police, London: Harvester.

Reiner R. (1992a) “Policing a postmodern society”, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 761–81.

Reiner R. (1992b) “Police research in the United Kingdom: A critical review”, in Morris N. and Tonry M. (Eds.), Accountable policing: Effectiveness, empowerment and equity, institute for Public Policy Research.

Thatcher M. (1993) The Downing Street years, London: Harper Collins publishers.

Thompson E.P. (1968) The making of the english working class, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Scarman Lord (1981) The Scarman Report: The Brixton disorders, 10–12 April, 1981 Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Turk A. (1982) “Policing in political context”, in Donelan R. (Ed.) The maintenance of order in society, Ottawa: Canadian Police College.

Vogler R. (1991) Reading the riot act, Open University Press.

Waddington P.A.J. (1994) Liberty and order — public order policing in a capital city, University College London Press.

Zimbardo P.G. (1970) “The human choice: Individuation, reason and order versus deindividuation, impulse and chaos”, in Arnold W.J. and Levine D. (Eds.) Nebraska symposium on motivation, University of Nebraska.