Police and the International Regulation of Civil Disorder

Scarman Lord . “The Quest for Social Justice” in Benyon John Solomos John . The Roots of Urban Unrest. (Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1987) p. 127.

Articles 55 and 56 of the United Nations Charter.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly res.217 A(III) of December 10, 1948.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly res.2200 A(XXI) of December 16, 1966.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly res.2200 A(XXI) of December 16, 1966.

Benyon Solomos , op. cit., pp.33–35.

The Brixton Disorders April 10–12, 1981: Report of an Enquiry by The Rt. Hon. the Lord Scarman, O.B.E., London: H.M.S.O., November 1981 (Cmmnd. 8427).

Benyon Solomos , op. cit., p. 182.

Benyon Solomos , op. cit., p. 182.

1949 Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. 1949 Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. 1949 Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. 1949 Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.

1977 Geneva Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.

Set out in International Review of the Red Cross Jan-Feb 1988. No.262. pp. 12–13.

“Draft Model Declaration on Internal Strife” by Meron Theodor . International Review of the Red Cross, op. cit., pp. 66–76.

Statute of the International Court of Justice. Art. 38(1)(c).

Named after the Russian delegate to the first Hague Conferences who expounded a fuller Declaration on the principles of limitation and constraint in warfare.

Full title - 1907 Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land.

Articles 63, 62, 142 and 158 of Geneva Conventions I-IV respectively.

Jean Pictet is a member of the International Committee of the Red Cross. He has performed numerous important functions within the I.C.R.C. and academic life. He has served as Vice-President of the I.C.R.C. and was Associate Professor at the University of Geneva. He formulated the principles in The Principles of International Humanitarian Law . (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1966) and revised them in Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law. (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1985).

Pictet , 1985, op. cit., p.61.

Adopted by resolution 1989/65 of the U.N. Economic and Social Council of May 24, 1989.

Adopted by U.N. General Assembly resolution 34/169 of December 17, 1979.

Adopted on September 7, 1990 by the Eighth U.N. Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders.

Quoted in Lillich Richard B. , “Civil Rights” in Meron Theodor (Ed.) Human Rights in International Law (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989) p. 141.

Adopted by U.N. General Assembly res. 3452(XXX) of December 9, 1975.

Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by U.N. General Assembly res. 39/46 of December 10, 1984.

Adopted by the First U.N. Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders - and approved by the U.N. Economic and Social Council by its res. 663 C(XXIV)of July 31, 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of May 13, 1977.

Adopted by General Assembly res. 43/173 of December 9, 1988.

U.N. General Assembly res. 45/111 of March 28, 1991.

U.N. Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice. Recommended for adoption by the Seventh U.N. Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 1985, and adopted by U.N. General Assembly res. 40/33 of November 29, 1985.

International Review of the Red Cross. op. cit., pp. 51–55, and 66–76 respectively.

International Review of the Red Cross, May-June 1991, No. 282. pp. 330–336.

Gasser Hans-Peter is Legal Adviser to the Directorate of the I.C.R.C.

Meron Theodor is Professor of Law at New York University.

International Review of the Red Cross, 1988, op. cit., p. 7.

At the Abo Akademi University, Turku/Abo (Finland) November 30 - December 2, 1990.