“Adolescence is Preeminently the Criminal Age”

See Mary Carpenter (1851) who believed that a distinction should be made between crimes committed by the young/penalties when compared to adults.

An example was The Factory Acts 1833 and 1847 which distinguished 13–18 year olds as to hours of labour and terms of employment.

Rousseau's solution was to withdraw young people from adult town life; to keep them ignorant over sexual matters, and to educate them at home. By the late eighteenth century public schools took over this burden from the struggling families.

See Coleman J. C. (1980) “The Nature of Adolescence”.

As found in the “Criminal Statistics for England and Wales”.

For the purpose of this paper these figures will apply only to England and Wales.

Those young people under 17 years.

See Muncie J. (1984) D431 — “Sociology of Youth Crime and Violence”. Table 1, p. 15.

An example can be seen, in that in 1899 the Annual Report of the Metropolitan Police Commissioner noted that most arrests were for offences of a trivial nature, and yet a quarter of London's police were assaulted. Pearson asks, “was street violence too much of an everyday occurrence to count as ‘real’ crime”?.

By the inclusion of minor criminal damage into the official statistics in 1977, this added at a single stroke a sixth of a million indictable offences to the criminal records.

See also Cohen S. (1980) “Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers”.

Bandura A. (1972). “The Stormy Decade: Fact or Fiction?” In Rogers D. (ed.), Issues in Adolescent Psychology. Second Edition, Appleton, New York.

Brake N. (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Coleman J. C. (1978). “Current Contradictions in Adolescent Theory” in Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–11.

Ditchfield J. A. (1976). “Police Cautioning in England and Wales” Home Office Research Study no. 76. H.M.S.O.

Eissler K. R. (1958). “Notes on the problems of techniques in psychoanalytic treatment of adolescents”, in Psychoanal. Stud. Child. 13, pp. 223–254.

Erikson E. H. (1955). “The Problem of Ego Identity” in J. AM. Psychoanal. Assoc. 4, pp. 56–121.

Freud A. (1952). “Adolescence” in Psychoanalytical Study of the Child vol. 13., pp. 255–278.

Geleerd E. R. (1961). “Some aspects of ego vicissitudes in adolescence”, in J. AM. Psychoanal. Assoc. 9, pp. 394–405.

Gillis J. R. (1974). Youth and History, Academic Press.

Hall G. S. (1905). Adolescence, Appleton.

Hall S. (1978). “The treatment of football hooliganism in the press” in, Ingham R. , (eds.) Football Hooliganism. Interaction, Imprint.

Hough Mayhew P. (1983). The British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study, no. 76. H.M.S.O.

Josselyn I. M. (1954). “The Ego in Adolescence” in Am. J. Orthopstychiat, 24, pp. 223–237.

Kiell N. (1967). The Universal Experience of Adolescence. Boston: Beacon.

Mark R. (1978). In the Office of Constable. Collins.

Muncie J. (1984). “D431. The Sociology of Youth Crime and Violence”. The Open University Press.

Musgrove F. (1964). Youth and the Social Order. Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Offer D. (1969). The Psychological World of the Teenager. Basic Books, London.

Pearson G. (1983). Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears. Macmillan.

Rutter M. , (1976). “Adolescent turmoil: Fact or fiction?” in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, pp. 35–55.

Rutter M. (1980). “Psycho-social adolescence”. in New Society, 52, pp. 225–226.

Westley W. Elkin F. (1957). “The protective environment and adolescent socialization” in Social Forces, 35, pp. 243–249.