The Relationship between Police Presence and Crime Deterrence

Chaiken Jan M. , What's Known About Deterrent Effects of Police Activities, Santa Monica, Calif.: The Rand Corporation; 1977, p. iii.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1978, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978. Table # 20, Large Metropolitan Areas — Population: 1960 to 1976, pp. 20–22.

U.S. Department of Justice, Expenditure and Employment Data for the Criminal Justice System 1976, Table 23: Criminal Justice system employment and percent distribution of full-time equivalent employees of 395 large city governments, October, 1976, pp. 158–167. This is the latest year for which complete data is available.

U.S. Department of Justice, Uniform Crime Reports for the United States 1976, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. Table # 6 Number of Offences Known to the Police, 1976, Cities and Towns 10,000 and over in Population, crime index totals, pp. 74–123.

Repetto Thomas A. , “The Influence of Police Organizational Style on Crime Control Effectiveness,” Journal of Police Science and Administration, Volume 3, Number 3, 1975, pp. 274–279.

Swimmer Gene , “The Relationship of Police and Crime: Some Methodological and Empirical Results,” Criminology, Volume 12, Number 3, November, 1974, p. 294.

Ibid.

Reiss Albert J. Jr. , The Police and the Public. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.

Ibid., p. 95.

“Police Layoffs Should Not Affect Urban Crime Rates,” Law Enforcement News, Vol. VI, No. 5, March 10, 1980, pp. 1 and 12.

Levine James P. , “The Ineffectiveness of Adding Police to Prevent Crime,” Public Policy. Volume 23, 1975, pp. 523–545.

Huff Ronald C. and Stahura John M. , “Police Employment and Suburban Crime,” Criminology, Volume 17, Number 4, February, 1980, pp. 461–470.

Skogan Wesley G. and Antunes George C. , “Information, Apprehension, and Deterrence: Exploring the Limits of Police Productivity,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 7, Number 3, Fall, 1979, pp. 217–241.

Webb Kenneth W. , Specialized Patrol Projects, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, January, 1977.

Wilson James Q. and Boland Barbara , “Crime,” pp. 179–230 in Gorham William and Glazer Nathan , editors, The Urban Predicament, Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1976.

Tittle Charles R. and Rowe Alan R. , “Certainty of Arrest and Crime Rates,” Social Forces, Volume 52, June, 1974, p. 455 and Sjoquist David Lawrence , “Property Crime and Economic Behaviour: Some Empirical Results,” American Economic Review, Volume 63, June, 1973, pp. 439–446.

Wilson James Q. and Boland Barbara , The Effect of the Police on Crime, U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, November, 1979.

Chaiken Jan M. , op. cit.

Wilson James Q. , Thinking About Crime, New York: Basic Books, 1975, p. 92.

Ibid.

Press James S. , Some Effects of an Increase in Police Manpower in the 20th Precinct of New York City, Santa Monica, Calif.: The Rand Corporation, 1971.

Bloch Peter B. and Specht David I. , Evaluation of Operation Neighbourhood, Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1973.

Kelling George , The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation, 1974.

Ibid., p. iii.

Ibid., p. 535.

Schwartz Alfred I. and Clarren Sumner N. , The Cincinnati Team Policing Experiment: A Summary Report, Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation, 1977.

Ibid.

Schnelle John F. , “Social Evaluation Research: The Evaluation of Two Policing Patrolling Strategies,” Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, Volume 8, Number 4, Winter, 1975, pp. 353–356.

Schnelle John F. , “Patrol Evaluation-Research: A Multiple-Baseline Analysis of Saturation Police Patrolling During Day and Night Hours,” Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, Volume 10, Number 1, Spring, 1977, pp. 33–40.

Ibid., p. 38.

Lee Hoffman Richard , “The Effect of Team Policing in Los Angeles on Part I Repressible Crimes and Police-Community Relations,” Master's thesis. Criminal Justice, California State University, Long Beach, January, 1977.

Tien James M. , An Alternative Approach in Police Patrol: The Wilmington Split-Force Experiment, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Public Systems Evaluation, Inc., 1977.