John R. Snortum is the George C. S. Benson Professor of Public Affairs at Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California. This work was supported by a travel grant from the Swedish Bicentennial Fund. This paper is reprinted from Public Affairs Report, June 1981, Vol. 22, No. 3, published by the Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
2.
“Control of Violent Crime Is ‘Chief Priority,’ Smith Says,”Justice Assistance News. 2(5): 1, 12 (June/July 1981).
3.
California, Legislature, Assembly Bill 23, Section 1, Title 9, part 4 of the Penal Code.
4.
Justitiedepartmentet, Åtgärder för att Bekämpa Brottsligheten och Förbättra den allmänna Ordningen (Stockholm: SRA, 1973).
5.
There are several typologies of police practice. See especially, WilsonJames Q., Varieties of Police Behaviour (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); and for details on the “crime control” vs. “due process model,” see PackerHerbert L., The Limits of the Criminal Sanction (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1968).
6.
National Swedish Police Board, The Computer Serving Justice (Stockholm: SAAB/UNIVAC, 1976), p. 11. For general information on crime prevention officers, see RPS/Information, Verksamheten 1976/1977, pp. 42–46.
KühlhornEckart, Deprivation of Freedom and the Police: An Evaluation of the Temporary Custody Act (Stockholm: The National Council for Crime Prevention, August 1978).
9.
BeckerHarold K.HjellemoEinar O., Justice in Modern Sweden (Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1976).
10.
Kriminalvårdsverket, Kriminalvården 1978 (Norrköping: AB Fälths Tryckeri, 1979), p. 21.
11.
RPS/Information, Verksamheten 1975/1976, pp. 24–26.
12.
RPS/Information, Verksamheten 1977/1978, pp. 23–25.
13.
PerssonLeif G. W., “Actual Drunken Driving in Sweden,”Scandanavian Studies in Criminology, Vol. 6, pp. 101–112 (1978).
14.
U.S., Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Results of National Alcohol Safety Action Projects (Washington, D.C.: 1979), p. 102.
15.
RossH. Lawrence, “The Scandinavian Myth: The Effectiveness of Drinking-and-Driving Legislation in Sweden and Norway,”The Journal of Legal Studies, 4(2): 285–310 (June 1975).
16.
VoteyHaroldJr., A Rational Policy for the Control of Accidents Caused by Motoring Offenses (Oslo: Institute of Transport Economics, 1977); “The Deterrence of Drunken Driving in Norway and Sweden: An Econometric Analysis of Existing Policies,”Scandanavian Studies in Criminology, Vol. 6, pp. 79–99 (1978); The Control of Drunken Driving Accidents in Norway: An Uncertainty-Cross-Section Time Series Analysis (Oslo: Institute of Transport Economics, 1979).
17.
NilssonErnst, “Resource Allocation Studies at the Swedish National Police Board,” Report presented at the International Conference sponsored by the Swedish Crime Prevention Council (Stockholm, Sweden: June 6–8, 1977); also EngdahlStenSjobergLars-OttoWallinNils, Resultat av Experiment Avseende Trafikovervakning med Traffipax och Helikopter (Stockholm, Sweden: TOS, 1978).
18.
RPS/Information, Verksamheten 1979/1980, p. 31.
19.
Brottsförebyggande rådet, Lag och Rätt i Skolan (Stockholm: BRÅ, 1977).
20.
Ulla-Britt Eriksson och Eckart Kühlhorn, Polisensom Fritidsledere: Två Försökatt Förebygga Brott (Stockholm: Kristianstads Boktryckeri AB, 1977).
21.
LithnerK., Swedish Criminal Procedure (Ottawa: University of Ottawa, Mimeographed, undated), p. 9.
22.
See RPS/Information, at note 11 above. Notably only two out of every 10,000 drivers refused to cooperate with the roadside checks. Even these refusals appear to have been based less on civil rights principles than on self-interest, for subsequent blood testing revealed that 94 percent of this group had blood alcohol levels beyond 0.5 parts per thousand.
23.
SalzerE. Michael, “To Combat Violence in the Child's World: Swedish Efforts to Strengthen the Child's Rights,”Social Change in Sweden, September 1979, no. 13, pp. 1–6. See also AdamoAmelia, ‘“Year of the Child’ Provides New Rights for Sweden's Kids and parents,”Social Change in Sweden, September 1980, no. 19, pp. 1–6.
24.
ChristieNils, Hvor Tett et Samfunn?Vol. II (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1975), p. 321.
25.
RPS/Information, Verksamheten 1979/1980. p. 36.
26.
Lithner, Swedish Criminal Procedure …
27.
Ibid.
28.
McGrathEllie, “Rambling Toward Ruin,”Time. March 30, 1981, p. 14.
29.
ParachiniAllan, “Drinking and Driving: Will You Get Home for the Holidays?”Los Angeles Times, December 21, 1980, Part VIII, pp. 1, 22–24.
30.
JohnstonDavid, “Tougher Laws on Drunk Driving Urged at Hearing,”Los Angeles Times, December 18, 1979, Part I, pp. 3, 22.
31.
RosenblattRoger, “Why the Justice System Fails,”Time, March 23, 1981, p. 23.
32.
IsaacsonWalter, “The Duel over Gun Control,”Time, March 23, 1981, p. 33.
33.
MagnusonEd, “The Curse of Violent Crime,”Time, March 23, 1981, p. 18.
34.
HulsmanL. H. C., “The Evaluation of Imprisonment in the Netherlands,”International Summaries: A Collection of Selected Translations in Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice: Vol. II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1978).
