The Pattern of Policing in Africa: The French and British Connections

I acknowledge with deep appreciation the valuable comments upon the earlier versions of this paper by Professor Robert G. Andry, former Editor, British Journal of Criminology and Visiting Professor, School of Criminology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. Because of various governmental and police regulations governing the citation of certain official matters and documents, many police executives in and outside the African continent who considerably assisted my inquiries will remain anonymous. 1 am grateful to these individuals for their faith and confidence in me.

Cardozo Benjamin N. , Nature of the Judicial Process, 53, 1921.

Phillipson Sydney Sir Adebo S. O. , The Nigerianization of the Civil Service. Government Printer, Lagos, 1954, p. 49.

See Potholm Christian P. , 'The Multiple Roles of the Police as seen in the African Context,” The Journal of Developing Areas, 3:41, January 1969, and Wasikhongo Joab M. N. , “The Role and Character of Police in Africa and Western Countries: A Comparative Approach to Police Isolation,” International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 4, 383–396, 1976.

See Clinard M. Abbott D. , Crime in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective , New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1973, pp. 215–231, and Lefever Ernest W. , Spear and Scepter, Washington, Brookings Institute, 1970, pp. 74–79, 125–131, 165–170.

The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1980, Newspaper Enterprise Association, New York, 1979, p. 514.

Ibid., p. 519.

Ibid., p. 522.

Ibid., p. 524.

Ibid., p. 527.

Ibid., p. 537.

Ibid., p. 541.

Ibid., p. 550.

Ibid., p. 557.

Ibid., p. 559.

Ibid., p. 565.

Ibid., p. 575.

Ibid., p. 583.

Ibid., p. 584.

Ibid., p. 592.

Ibid., p. 561.

Ibid., p. 537.

Ibid., p. 565.

Ibid., p. 576.

Ibid., p. 539.

Ibid., p. 552.

Ibid., p. 557.

Ibid., p. 586.

Ibid., p. 582.

Ibid., p. 598.

Bopp William J. , Police Personnel Administration, Boston, Holbrook Press, 1974, p. 4.

Cramer James , The World's Police, Cassell and Company Ltd., 1964, p. 293.

Area Handbook for Sierra Leone. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 349.

Area Handbook for Ghana. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971, p. 347.

Igbinovia Patrick E. , “Police Administration In Modern Nigeria,” Police Studies, forthcoming.

Area Handbook for Kenya, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1967, p. 629.

Area Handbook for Malawi, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1975, p. 307.

Area Handbook for Ethiopia, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1971, p. 465.

Area Handbook for Egypt, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1969, p. 493.

Area Handbook for the United Republic of Cameroon, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1974, pp. 292–293.

Area Handbook for Chad, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972, pp. 227–228.

Area Handbook for People's Republic of the Congo, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971, pp. 221–222.

Area Handbook for Ivory Coast, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973, p. 401.

Area Handbook for Ghana, op. cit. (note 34 above) p. 349.

Ibid., pp. 349–350.

Ibid., p. 351.

Area Handbook for Ivory Coast, op. cit. (note 43 above), p. 403.

Ibid., pp. 403–04.

Ibid., pp. 404–405.

Ibid., pp. 405–406.

Clinard M. Abbott D. J. , Crime in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective. John Wiley and Sons, 1973, p. 223.

Bopp (note 31 above), p. 23.

Ibid., p. 218.

First West African Conference in Comparative Criminology, Abidjan, 1972, p. 121.

Clinard Abbott , op. cit. (note 51 above), p. 222.

Cited by Blunt Peter , “Social and Organizational Structures in East Africa: A Case for Participation”, Journal of Modern African Studies, 16, 1978, p. 434.

“Crime Prevention: New Foot Patrol Methods in Urban Areas,” International Criminal Police Organization, XLIIth General Assembly Session, Vienna, 2–9th October, 1973, p. 3.

Ibid., pp. 5–7.

Ibid., pp. 9–12.

The Patrol Operation, International Association of Chiefs of Police, Professional Standards Division, Maryland, 1970, pp. 64–65.

Gregory E. , Chief Supt., “Reflections on Unit Beat Policing,” The Police Journal, XLI, I, January 1968, p. 11.

The Patrol Operation, op. cit. (note 60 above), pp. 66–67.

Gregory E. , op. cit. (note 61 above), pp. 66–67.

Igbinovia Patrick , op. cit. (note 35 above).

Report: “Use of Firearms by Police to Arrest Offenders,” International Criminal Police Organization, XXXVIIIth General Assembly Session, Mexico, 13–18 October, 1969, pp. 6–7.

Ibid., pp. 13–14.

Ibid., pp. Appendix I to III.

Subject: “Powers and Duties of the Police: Search of Persons and Premises and the Seizure of Property,” op. cit. (note 57 above), pp. 20, 41, 105.

Ibid., pp. 105–106.

Ibid., pp. 107–108.

Subject: “Powers and Duties of the Police with Regard to Detention,” op. cit. (note 65 above). Report No. 8. pp. 5–6.

Ibid., p. 98–99. Also see Igbinovia Patrick E. , “Police Administration in Modern Nigeria,” op. cit. (note 35 above).

Ibid., pp. 110–111.

Sherman Lewis J. , “Policewomen Around the World,” International Review of Criminal Policy. 33, 1977, pp. 25, 27, 31.

Area Handbook for Ghana, op. cit. (note 34 above), p. 348.

Area Handbook for Kenya, op. cit. (note 36 above), p. 629.

Area Handbook for Zambia. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1974, p. 415.

Subject: “Status and Functions of Women Police Officers,” International Criminal Police Organization, 47th General Assembly Session, Panama. 19th-26th October, 1969, pp. 4–5.

Ibid., pp. 10–12.

Sherman , op. cit. (note 74 above), p. 33.

Ibid., p. 27.

Sherman , op. cit. (note 74 above), p. 33.

Clinard Abbott , op. cit. (note 51 above), p. 228.

Lefever Ernest W. , Spear and Scepter. Brookings Institute, Washington, 1970, p. 77.

Ibid., p. 78.

Potholm Christian P. , “The Multiple Roles of the Police as Seen in the African Context,” Journal of Developing Areas, 3, 1969, pp. 142–143.

Lefever Ernest W. , op. cit. (note 84 above), p. 201.

Tamuno T. N. , The Police in Modern Nigeria, Ibadan University Press, Nigeria, 1970, p. 278.

Ibid., pp. 272–273.

Report of the Comptroller General of the United States: United States Participation in Interpol, The International Criminal Police Organization, December 1976, pp. 48–9.

Report of the United States Delegation to the International Criminal Police Organization: The Regional Conference for Africa, Monrovia, Liberia, April 17–20, 1962, p. 6.