Changes in American Systems of Policing since 1960

Janowitz M. , Social Control of Escalated Riots, (Center for Policy Study: Univ. of Chicago, Nov. 1967).

Testimony of John Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, before the House Sub-Committee on Appropriations on April 17 1969, p. 58. An up-to-date picture of the F.B.I, is provided in Elliff J. T. , “Continuity and Change in the role of the F.B.I.” in MacNamara D. Riedell M. , (eds) Police, Prospectives, Problems, Prospects (Baeger: London 1974).

Morgan J. P. Jnr. — Police Technical Assistance Report — Delaware — Intergovernmental Jurisdictional Analysis (U.S. Dept. of Justice L.E.A.A. Report No. 75–58: 1975).

Galliher J. F. Donavan L. Patrick Adams D. L. — “Small Town Police; Trouble, Tasks and Publics”. J. Police Sc. and Admin. 3(1) 1975, p. 20–25.

See particularly the Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders , Kerner Chairman Otto (U.S. Govt. Printing Office: 1968) and the Report on Police (Task Force Chairman, E. M. Davis) of the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, Chairman, Russell W. Peterson (Washington D.C.: Jan. 1973). For short general discussions of policing in America related to these reports see: Terris B. J. , “The Role of the Police”, Annals Am. Acad, Pol. and Soc. Sc , 374, 1967 pp. 58–69 and Goldstein H. , “Police response to urban crisis”, Pub Admin. R., 28 1968, pp. 417–423.

Coster C. M. , “The Regional Council: The Neutral Broker in Criminal Justice Administration”, American County Govt., Vol 36(6) June 1971, p. 16–17.

See Norrgard D. L. — Regional Law Enforcement — A Study of Intergovernmental Cooperation and Coordination , (Public Admin. Service: Chicago: 1969), pi and Saunders C. B. Jnr. Upgrading the American Police (The Brookings Institution: Washington D.C: 1970), p. 4.

Farmer D. J. , Civil Disorder Control — a planning program of municipal coordination and cooperation (Public Admin. Service: Chicago: 1968).

The information relating to California is derived from: Kraniz W. A. , (Chief, Law Enforcement Division, California Disaster Office) & Yudowitch K. L. — “Mutual Aid”, Police Chief June 1970, pp. 64–68.

Ostrom E. Parks R. B. Whitaker G. P. — “Do We Really Want to Consolidate Urban Police Forces? A Reappraisal of Some Old Assertions”, Public Admin. R., Vol. 33(5) Sept/Oct. 1973 pp. 423–432.

Ibid. p. 430.

The examples of consolidated police services are taken from the Report on Police , op cit. Ch 5; Marcus M. Edgar J. M. Wheaton R. J. Hicox R. C. (eds), Police Consolidation — A selected bibliography (Nat. Instit, of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice: LEAA: U.S. Dept. of Justice: April 1976) and Cramer J. , The World's Police (Cassell; London, 1964) pp. 421–422.

Eastman G. D. Chapman S. G. — Short of Merger (Lexington Books: Mass. U.S.A.: 1976) p. 145f.

See for example — Wenger D. — “The Reluctant Army: The Functioning of Police Departments in Civil Disturbances”, Am. Behav. Scientist . 16(3) Feb. 1973; Beck G. N. , “S.W.A.T. — the Los Angeles Special Weapons and Tactics Teams”, F.B.I. Law Enforcement Bulletin Vol. 41 (No. 4) 1972; Pitts C. H. Capt. , “A Tactical Operations Unit”, F.B.I. Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol. 44 (1) 1975.

Tafoya W. L. — “S.W.A.T. — Special Weapons and Tactics Pt. 1”, P.W.C. Bulletin, LXXV (8) Feb. 1975, p. 5.

Bouza A. V. (ex Capt. N.Y.P.D.) Police Intelligence (A.M.S. Press Inc.: New York: 1976).

Ibid. p. 7–8.

Smith B. — Police Systems in the United States (Harper Bros.: New York: 1949) p. 181.

Conflict Management Manual (Special Task Unit, Louisiana State Police, Baton Rouge: Louisiana, 1973) p. 25.