The Role of the Police in Political Development

For representative examples and surveys on the subject see Pauker Guy J. , “Southeast Asia as a Problem Area in the Next Decade”. World Politics , XI (April, 1959) Finer Samuel E. , The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics (London, 1962): Johnson John J. (ed.) The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries ; (Princeton, 1962) Daalder Hans , The Role of the Military in Emerging Countries (The Hague, 1962); Gutteridge William , Armed Forces in New States (London, 1962); Janowitz Morris , The Military in the Political Development of New Nations (Chicago, 1964) Hamon Leo , (ed.) Le Rôle Extra — Militaire de l'Arme dans Tiers Monde (Paris, 1966) McWilliams Wilson C. , (ed.) Garrisons and Government (San Francisco, 1967) — Glick Edward B. , Peaceful Conflict: The Non Military Use of the Military (Harrisburg, 1967) Van Doorn Jacques (ed.) Armed Forces and Society (The Hague, 1968); Bienen Henry (ed.) The Military Intervenes (New York, 1968); idem (ed.) The Military and Modernization (Chicago, 1971); Nordlinger Eric A. , “Soldiers in Mofti: The Impact of Military Rule Upon Economic and Social Change in Non-Western States”, American Political Science Review, LXIV (September, 1970); Lovell John P. , “Military Dominated Regimes and Political Development”, in Palmer Monte Stern Larry (eds.), Political Development in Changing Societies (Lexington, 1971).

For representative evaluations and critiques of the state of the field of political development and modernization see Willner Ann Ruth , “The Underdeveloped Study of Political Development”, World Politics , XVI (April, 1964); Halpern Manfred , “Toward Further Modernization of the Study of New Nations,” World Politics , XVII (October, 1964); idem, “The Rate and Costs of Political Development”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 358 (March, 1965); Pye Lucian W. , “The Concept of Political Development”, in ibid ; Packenham Robert A. , “Approaches to the Study of Political Development”, World Politics , XVII (October, 1964); Riggs Fred W. , “The Theory of Political Development”, in Charlesworth James C. (ed.), Contemporary Political Analysis (New York, 1967); Apter David E. , Some Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Modernization (Englewood Cliffs, 1968); Huntington Samuel P. , “The Change to Change”, Comparative Politics III (April, 1971); La Palombara Joseph , “Political Science and the Engineering of Political Development”, in Palmer Stern , Political Development in Changing Societies.

Huntington Samuel P. , “Political Development and Political Decay”, World Politics, XVII (April, 1965); idem, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968); Perlmutter Amos , “The Praetorian State and the Praetorian Army”, Comparative Politics, 1 (April, 1969).

Huntington , Political Order, Ch. IV.

For a good sample of such examples, see Finkle Jason L. Gable Richard W. (eds.), Political Development and Social Change (New York, 1966).

The two notable exceptions, and in fact, the two pioneering works on the police and political development are: Bayley David H. , The Police and Political Development in India (Princeton, 1969), especially Chs. I and VI and Potholm Christian P. , “The Multiple Roles of the Police as seen in the African Context”, The Journal of Developing Areas, III (January, 1969).

Finkle Gable , passim.

On the difficulties of this see Biesen Henry , “Foreign Policy, The Military and Development: Military Assistance and Political Change in Africa”, in Butwell Richard (ed.) Foreign Policy and the Developing Nation (Lexington, 1969).

On this see in particular Packenham , “Approaches to the Study of Political Development”, and Pye , “The Concept of Political Development”.

The classification so far has been based on ibid.

Huntington , Political Order.

Halpern . “The Rate and Costs of Political Development”, Eisenstadt S. N. , Modernization: Protest and Change (Englewood Cliffs, 1966).

Pennock J. Roland , “Political Development, Political Systems and Political Goods,” World Politics XVIII (April, 1965).

Binder Leonard , Coleman James S. , La Palombara Joseph , Pye Lucian W. Verba Sidney Weiner Myron , Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, 1970).

Janowitz , The Military in the Political Development of New Nations, passim.

Bienen , The Military Intervenes ; Rustow Dankwart A. , “The Military in Middle Eastern Society and Politics” in Finkle Gable , especially p. 391.

See especially Perlmutter , “The Praetorian State and the Praetorian Army”; Huntington , Political Order , Ch. IV; Springer Philip B. , “Disunity and Disorder: Factional Politics in the Argentine Military in Bienen.” The Military Intervenes ; and Beeri Eliezer , Army Officers in Arab Politics and Society (New York, 1969).

See Huntington , Ch. IV and especially Heaphey James , “The Organization of Egypt: Inadequacies of a Nonpolitical Model for Nation-Building”, World Politics, XVIII (January, 1966).

Ben-Dor Gabriel , “The Politics of Threat: Military Intervention in the Middle East”, Journal of Political and Military Sociology I (Spring, 1973).

Feit Edward , “Military Coups and Political Development, Some Lessons from Ghana and Nigeria” World Politics, XX (January, 1968): Afrifa A. , The Ghana Coup (London; 1966).

Janowitz , pp. 86–87.

Potholm , p. 141.

Coleman James S. Brice Belmont Jr. , “The Role of the Military in Subsaharan Africa”, in Johnson , The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries.

Rustow , p. 391.

Springer , “Disunity and Disorder …” Bebler Anton , Military Rule in Africa (Princeton University Center of International Studies Monograph, 1971), especially p. 329.

There are, of course, exceptions to this statement: In several countries, police forces are larger than military forces ( Potholm , p. 141).

Luckham A. R. , “A Comparative Typology of Civil-Military Relations”, Government and Opposition, VI (Winter, 1971) pp. 17–20.

Bienen Cf. , “Foreign Policy, The Military and Development” … p. 73 and passim.

Bayley The Police and Political Development in India, Ch. 1.

ibid., p. 16.

ibid., pp. 17–18.

ibid., p. 18.

ibid., p. 19.

the last three quotations are from ibid., p. 23.

ibid., p. 25.

ibid.

ibid., p. 26.

ibid., pp. 26–27.

The best examples of this are Pye Lucian W. , “Armies in the Process of Political Modernization”, in Johnson , The Role of the Military volume, Janowitz Morris , (ed.) The New Military (New York, 1965), especially the “Introduction”, Huntington Samuel P. “The New Military Politics”, in idem (ed.) Changing Pattern of Military Politics (New York, 1962). See also Perlmutter Amos , “The Arab-Military Elite”, World Politics, XXII (January, 1970) pp. 270–275.

This approach has clear implications in regard to re-evaluating the conventional role of the police in the so-called developed nations as well. See, for instance, Banton Michael , The Policeman in the Community (New York, 1964); Whitaker Ben , The Police (Harmondsworth, 1964) and Wilson O. W. , Police Administration (New York, 1963). On this see also Bienen Henry , Violence and Social Change (Chicago, 1968), passim.

Bayley , p. 27.

ibid., p. 14.

See, for instance, Grimshaw Allen , “Police Agencies and the Prevention of Racial Violence” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 54 (March, 1962).

Occasional remarks on this are made in two recent comprehensive works on corruption: Heidenheimer Arnold J. (ed.), Political Corruption (New York, 1970) and Scott James C. , Comparative Political Corruption (Englewood Cliffs, 1972).

La Palombara Joseph (ed.), Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, 1963), passim.

Janowitz , The Role of the Military ; Pye “Armies in the Process of Political Modernization”; Daalder , The Role of the Military.

This is well-summarized in Glick , Peaceful Conflict.

Bayley , p. 27.

The cost of such a way of channeling investment in armed forces may be lower also in terms of internal dislocations. See Barber Willard F. Ronning C. Neale , Internal Security and Military Power (Columbus, 1966).

Pye Lucian W. , “The Non-Western Political Process”, in Eckstein Harry Apter David E. , Comparative Politics: A Reader (New York, 1963), p. 664.

Zolberg Aristide R. , Creating Political Order (Chicago 1967).

Lerner F. Daniel , “Some Comments on Center-Periphery Relations” in Merritt Richard L. Rokkan Stein (eds.) Comparing Nations (New Haven, 1966); “Centers and Periphery in Society and Social Science” in Nettl J. Peter , Political Mobilization (New York, 1967) and the classic formulation in Shils Edward , “Center and Periphery” in The Logic of Personal Knowledge: Essays Presented to Michael Polanyi; on his Seventieth Birthday (Glencoe, 1961).

This distinction is drawn from Bachrach Peter Baratz Morton C. , “Decisions and Non-Decisions: An Analytical Framework”, American Political Science Review, 57 (September, 1963).

Shils Edward , Political Development in the New States (The Hague, 1962).

Huntington , Political Order, Ch. I.

ibid., p. 12.

ibid.

Feit Edward , “Pen, Sword and People: Military Regimes in the Formation of Political Institutions” World Politics, XXV (January, 1973), p. 251. Italics in the original.

ibid., p. 252.

ibid.

ibid. Italics in the original.

Cf. Heaphey “The Organization of Egypt”.

Cf. Duncan Hugh Daniel . Symbols in Society (New York, 1968); Edelman Murray , The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbara, 1964).

Pye Lucian W. , Politics, Personality and Nation-Building (New Haven, 1962), especially pp. 38–51.

de Jouvenel Bertrand , Sovereignty (Chicago, 1963) p. 123.

Huntington , Political Order, p 28.

These were published by the Princeton University Press and included Pye Lucian W. (ed.) Communications and Political Development (1963); La Palombara Joseph (ed.); Bureaucracy and Political Development (1963); Ward Robert E. Rustow Dankwart A. , Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (1964); Coleman James S. (ed.) Education and Political Development (1965) Pye Lucian W. Verba Sidney (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development (1965); La Palombara Joseph Weiner Myron , Political Parties and Political Development (1966); and Binder , Crises and Sequences in Political Development.

Binder Leonard , “Crises of Political Development” and Coleman James C. , “The Development Syndrome”, in Binder , Crises and Sequences.

La Palombara Joseph , “Distribution: A Crisis of Resource Management” in ibid.

Potholm , p. 141. Potholm identifies among the “functions and capabilities of the police”: “maintenance of law and order”, “paramilitary operations”, “regulating activities”, “regime representation” (pp. 142–150).

Pye Lucian W. , “The Legitimacy Crisis” and idem “Identity and the Political Culture” in Binder , Crises and Sequences.

Olson Mancur Junior , “Rapid Growth as a Destabilizing Force”, Journal of Economic History, 23 (December, 1963).

Potholm , p. 151; Bayley , p. 29.

Cf. Geertz Clifford , “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil (Politics in the New States”, in idem (ed.) Old Societies and New States (New York, 1963).

Weiner Myron , “Political Integration and Political Development”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 358 (March, 1965).

Almond Gabriel A. Powell C. Bingham Jr. Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, 1966) p. 69. My Italics.

Adjacent in the sense used in Eckstein Harry , “A Theory of Stable Democracy” in idem, Division and Cohesion in Democracy (Princeton, 1966), pp. 239–241.

Bayley , pp. 28–29.

Portholm , p. 150.

See the sophisticated analysis of role expansion in Lissak Moshe , “Modernization and Role-Expansion of the Military in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis”, Comparative Studies in Society and History IX (April, 1967).