Rising economic and social inequality has weakened neighborhoods and families in ways that make effective school reform more difficult.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AltonjiJ.G.MansfieldR. (2011). The role of family, school, and community characteristics in inequality in education and labor market outcomes. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 339–358). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
2.
BaileyM.J.DynarskiS.M. (2011). Inequality in postsecondary education. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 117–132). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
3.
BoydD.LankfordH.LoebS.RonfeldtM.WyckoffJ. (2011). The effect of school neighborhoods on teachers' career decisions. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 377–396). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
4.
DahlG.B.LochnerL. (2012). The impact of family income on child achievement: Evidence from the earned income tax credit. American Economic Review, 102 (5), 1927–1956.
5.
DuncanG.J.MagnusonK. (2011). The nature and impact of early achievement skills, attention skills, and behavior problems. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 47–70). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
6.
DuncanG.J.MurnaneR. J. (2011). Introduction: The American dream, then and now. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 3–26). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
7.
GoldinC.D.KatzL.F. (2008). The race between education and technology. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
8.
HoynesH.W.SchanzenbachD.W.AlmondD. (2012). Long run impacts of childhood access to the safety net. Unpublished NBER Working Paper No. 18535.
9.
KaushalN.MagnusonK.WaldfogelJ. (2011). How is family income related to investments in children's learning? In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 187–206). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
10.
MaynardR.A. (1977). The effects of the rural income maintenance experiment on the school performance of children. American Economic Review, 67 (1), 370–375.
11.
MaynardR.A.MurnaneR.J. (1979). The effects of a negative income tax on school performance: Results of an experiment. Journal of Human Resources, 14 (4), 463–476.
12.
PhillipsM. (2011). Parenting, time use, and disparities in academic outcomes. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 207–228). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
13.
RaudenbushS.W.JeanM.ArtE. (2011). Year-by-year and cumulative impacts of attending a high-mobility elementary school on children's mathematics achievement in Chicago, 1995–2005. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 359–376). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
14.
ReardonS.F. (2011). The widening academic achievement gap between the rich and the poor: New evidence and possible explanations. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 91–116). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
15.
ReardonS.F.BischoffK. (2011). Income inequality and income segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 116 (4), 1092–1153.
16.
SchwartzA.E.StiefelL. (2011). Immigrants and inequality in public schools. In DuncanG.J.MurnaneR.J. (Eds.), Whither opportunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 419–442). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation & Spencer Foundation.
17.
SnowC. (2002). Reading for understanding: Toward a research and development program in reading comprehension. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.