A variety of meats is eaten in different areas of the world. The choice of species for consumption is limited by availability and influenced by geographical area. But of greater influence in the choice of meat are cultural influences, whether derived from religion or modern philosophies of vegetarianism.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
FieldhouseP.Food and Nutrition, Customs and Culture, Croom Helm, New Hampshire, 1986.
2.
DouglasM.Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1978.
3.
SimoonsF.Eat Not of This Flesh: Food Avoidances in the Old World, 1 ed, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1961.
4.
Douglas, Op cit, Ref 2.
5.
Simoons, Op cit, Ref 3.
6.
SimoonsF.Eat Not of This Flesh: Food Avoidances in the Old World, 2 ed, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1967.
7.
Simoons, Op cit, Ref 3.
8.
LowenbergM.TodhunterE.WilsonE.SavageJ.LubawskiJ., Food and People, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.
9.
GraubardM.Man's Food: Its Rhyme or Reason, Macmillan, New York, 1943.
10.
Fieldhouse, Op cit, Ref 1.
11.
EcksteinE.Food, People and Nutrition, AVI, Westport, CT, 1980.
12.
Fieldhouse, Op cit, Ref 1.
13.
Fieldhouse, Op cit, Ref 1.
14.
LongworthJ.Beef in Japan, Politics, Production, Marketing and Trade, University of Queensland Press, Australia, 1983.
15.
Graubard, Op cit, Ref 9.
16.
Longworth, Op cit, Ref 14.
17.
AndersonE.The Food of China, Yale University Press, New Haven, MA, 1988.
18.
OwenD.Man in Tropical Africa: The Environmental Predicament, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1973.
19.
FiddesN.Meat: A Natural Symbol, Routledge, New York, 1991.
20.
Simoons, Op cit, Ref 3.
21.
SahlinsM.‘Culture and Practical Reason’, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1976.
22.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
23.
Fieldhouse, Op cit, Ref 1; Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
24.
Simoons, Op cit, Ref 3; Simoons, Op cit, Ref 6.
25.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
26.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
27.
BingleyW.Animal Biography (Lives, Manners and Economy) of the Animal Creation, J. Adlard, West Smithfield, London, 1824.
28.
TambiahS.Culture, Thought and Social Action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985.
29.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
30.
International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), ‘Every time you hear Korean Olympics, think of this’, advertisement, The Guardian, 27 May 1988.
31.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
32.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
33.
Fieldhouse, Op cit, Ref 1.
34.
Frentzel-BeymeR.Chang-ClaudeJ., ‘Vegetarian diets and colon cancer, the German experience’, Journal of American Clinical Nutrition, Vol 59, 1994, pp 1143–1152; KnutsenS.: ‘Lifestyle and the use of health services’, American Journal for Clinical Nutrition, Vol 59, 1994, pp 1171–1175.
35.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
36.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
37.
Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
38.
WeinsteinLde-ManA., ‘Vegetarianism vs meatarianism and emotional upset’, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, Vol 19, 1982, pp 99–100.
39.
Fieldhouse, Op cit, Ref 1.
40.
Owen, Op cit, Ref 18; Fiddes, Op cit, Ref 19.
41.
SingerPReganT., eds, Animal Rights and Human Obligations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989.
42.
Knutsen, Op cit, Ref 34.
43.
FonneboV.‘The healthy Seventh-day Adventist lifestyle: What is the Norwegian experience’, Journal of American Clinical Nutrition, Vol 59, 1994, pp 1124–1129; MillsP.BeesonW.PhillipsR.FraserG.‘Cancer incidence among California Seventh-day Adventists, 1976–1982’, American Journal for Clinical Nutrition, Vol 59, 1994, pp 1136–1142.
44.
MelbyC.GoldfliesD.TooheyM.‘Blood pressure differences in older black and white long-term vegetarians and nonvegetarians’, American Colleges of Nutrition, Vol 12, 1993, pp 262–269.
45.
HardingeFHardingeM.‘The vegetarian perspective and the food industry’, Journal of Food Technology, Vol 46, 1992, pp 114–121.
46.
Ibid.
47.
SpeckerB.‘Nutritional concern of lactating women consuming vegetarian diets’, American Journal for Clinical Nutrition, Vol 59, 1994, pp 1182–1186.
48.
SandersTReddyS.‘Vegetarian diets and children’, American Journal for Clinical Nutrition, Vol 59, 1994, pp 1176–1181.
49.
Whorton, Op cit, Ref 43.
50.
TungtrongchitrR.PongpaewP.PrayurahongB.ChangbumrungS.VudhivaiN.MigasenaP.SchelpF.‘Vitamin B12, folic acid and haematological status of 132 Thai vegetarians’, International Journal of Vitamin and Nutritional Research, Vol 63, 1993, pp 201–207.
51.
MelbyC.TooheyM.CebrickJ.‘Blood pressure and blood lipids among vegetarian, semivegetarian and nonvegetarian African Americans’, American Journal for Clinical Nutrition, Vol 59, 1994, pp 103–109; Whorton, Op cit, Ref 43.
52.
LambergA.KarkkainenM.SeppanenR.BistromH.‘Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and secondary hyperparathyroidism in middle-aged white strict vegetarians’, American Journal for Clinical Nutrition, Vol 58, 1993, pp 684–689.
53.
SabateJ.LlorcaM.SanchezA.‘Lower height of lacto/ovo-vegetarian girls at preadolescence: An indicator of physical maturation delay’, American Dietician Association, Vol 92, 1992, pp 1263–1266.
54.
MarksA.M.‘The truth about teenage food fads’, Parents' Magazine, Vol 52, 1977, pp 44–45.
55.
BerganJBrownP.‘A Review of Vegetarianism and the New Vegetarian’, American Dietetic Association (audiotape), 1976.
56.
HarlandB.F.PetersonM.‘Nutritional status of lacto/ovo-vegetarian Trappist monks’, American Dietetic Association, Vol 72, 1978, pp 259–264.
57.
DwyerJ.PalomboR.ThorneH.ValadianI.ReedR.‘Pre-schoolers on alternate life-style diets’, American Dietetic Association, Vol 72, 1978, pp 264–270.
