Animal wastes represent a vast untapped source of energy and nutrients which can be recycled by the use of bioconversion processes. Biomass production, improved digestibility, reductions in environmental pollution and cheaper feed bills are some of the advantages of utilizing animal wastes. However, economics, technological developments and the individual requirements of farming operations will determine the rate of success of such systems.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AnthonyW.B., CunninghamJ.P., and RenfroeJ.C. (1973) Ensiling characteristics of mixtures of various feedstuffs and animal waste. Journal of Animal Science36, 208–220.
2.
BerendJ., SimovitchE., and OllianA. (1980) Economic aspects of algal animal food production. In: ShelefG., and SoederC.J. (eds), Algae Biomass, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 799–818.
3.
BrownD.E., Board manT.D., and ReddingtonS.W. (1980) A microbial recycle process for piggery waste treatment. Agricultural Wastes2, 185–197.
4.
BurrowsI., SealK.J., and EgginsH.O.W. (1979) The biodegradation of barley straw by Coprinus cinereus for the production of animal feed. In: GrossbardE. (ed), Straw Decay and its effects on disposal and utilisation, J Wiley and Sons, pp. 147–154.
5.
CheungY.H., and WongM.H. (1981) Properties of animal manures and sewage sludges and utilisation for algal growth. Agricultural Wastes3, 109–122.
6.
ChungP., PondW.G., KingsburyJ.M., WalterE.F., and KrookL. (1978) Production and nutritive value of Arthrospira platensis, a special blue-green alga grown on swine wastes. Journal of Animal Science47, 319–330.
7.
DoddJ.C., and AndersonJ.L. (1977) An integrated high rate pond-algae harvesting system. Progress in Water Technology9, 713–726.
8.
DubinskyZ., AaronsonS., and BernerT. (1980) Some economic considerations in the mass culture of micro algae. In: ShelefG., and SoederC.J. (eds), Algae Biomass, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 819–832.
9.
DuganG. (1970) Photosynthetic reclamation of agricultural solid and liquid wastes. Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory Report No. 70–1. University of California, Berkeley, USA.
10.
EarleJ.F.K., KoopmanB., and LincolnE.P. (1984) Role of purple sulphur bacteria in swine waste reclamation. Agricultural Wastes10, 297–312.
11.
FreedmanD., KoopmanB., and LincolnE.P. (1983) Chemical and biological purification of the liquid phase of animal slurry. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research28, 115–125.
12.
GarrettM.K., and AllenM.D.B. (1976) Photosynthetic purification of the liquid phase of animal slurry. Environmental Pollution10, 127–139.
13.
HintzH.F., HeitmanH., WeirW.C., TorellD.T., and MeyerJ.H. (1966) Nutritive value of algae grown on sewage. Journal of Animal Science25, 675–681.
14.
JakhmolaR.C., KamraD.N., BaruahK.K., and PathakN.N. (1983) Autofermentation of pig excreta for use as animal feed. Agricultural Wastes5, 95–104.
15.
JakhmolaR.C., KamraD.N., SinghR., and PathakN.N. (1984) Fermentation of cattle waste for animal feeding. Agricultural Wastes10, 229–237.
16.
JayalM.M., JainV.K., and PathakN.N. (1981) Studies on the utilisation of ensiled poultry excreta as a ration for replacement of stock of cross-bred dairy cattle. Agricultural Wastes3, 157–163.
17.
KobayashiM. (1975) Role of photosynthetic bacteria in foul water purification. Progress in Water Technology7, 309–315.
18.
KobayashiM., and TchanY.T. (1973) Treatment of industrial waste solutions and production of useful by-products using a photosynthetic bacterial method. Water Research7, 1219–1223.
19.
KoopmanB., and LincolnE.P. (1983) Autoflotation harvesting of algae from high rate pond effluents. Agricultural Wastes5, 231–246.
20.
LincolnE.P., and HillD.T. (1980) An integrated micro algae system. In: ShelefG., and SoederC.J. (eds), Algae Biomass, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 229–244.
MartinJ.H., and LoehrR.C. (1983) Enhancement of laying-hen manure as a feedstuff by aerobic stabilisation. Agricultural Wastes8, 27–49.
23.
MartinJ.H., LoehrR.C., and PilbeamT.E. (1983) Animal manures as feedstuffs: nutrient characteristics. Agricultural Wastesb, 131–166.
24.
PoznanskiS., BednarskiW., LemanJ., KowalewskaJ., and MieczkowskiM. (1983) Microbial enhancement of the liquid fraction of slurry. Agricultural Wastes6, 77–89.
25.
PriestelyG. (1976) Algal proteins. In: BirchE., ParkerW., and WorganW. (eds), Food from Waste, Applied Science, pp. 114–138.
26.
ReddingtonS., and BrownD.E. (1978) Microbial conversion of piggery waste to a protein feed supplement. In: MattockG. (ed), New Processes of Waste Water Treatment and Recovery, Ellis Horwood, pp. 366–378.
27.
SaxenaK.K., and RanjhanS.K. (1983) Nutritive value of digested cattle slurry from a biogas plant in sheep. Agricultural Wastes8, 119–124.
28.
SealK.J., and BurrowsI. (1981) The bioconversion of waste straw into animal feedstuff. In: PomeranzC., and MunckL. (eds), Cereals, a renewable resource, American Society of Cereal Chemists, Minnesota, pp. 571–585.
29.
SealK.J., and EgginsH.O.W. (1976) The upgrading of agricultural wastes by thermophilic fungi. In: BirchE., ParkerW., and WorganW. (eds), Food from Waste, Applied Science, p. 58.
30.
ShipmanR.H., KaoI.C., and FanL.T. (1975) Single cell protein production by photosynthetic bacteria cultivation in agricultural bi-products. Biotechnology and BioengineeringXVII, 1561–1570.
31.
TaiganidesE.P. (1979) Waste as resources out of place. Agricultural Wastes1, 1–9.
32.
TaiganidesE.P., ChouK.C., and LeeB.Y. (1979) Animal waste management and utilisation in Singapore. Agricultural Wastes1, 129–141.
33.
VenkataramanL.V., DeviK.M.MahadevaswamyM., and KinhiA.A. (1982) Utilisation of rural wastes for algal biomass production with Scenedesmus acutus and Spirulina platensis in India. Agricultural Wastes4, 117–130.
34.
VirkR.S., SethiR.P., and LangarP.N. (1986) Recycling of fungal treated broiler droppings in broiler mash. Agricultural Wastes17, 39–51.