This article discusses the water needs of livestock in Africa and other hot regions; the physiological utilization of water both within and between species; and suggests some ways of optimizing water use and using water as a management tool.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
KingJ. M.Livestock water needs in pastoral Africa. Research report no. 7, ILCA, Addis Ababa. 1983.
2.
MarriottH. L.‘Water and Salt Depletion’. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 1950.
3.
LittleD. A.Bovine body composition and phosphorus storage: the in vivo assessment of body composition and phosphorus status. PhD thesis, Univ. of Queensland.1983.
4.
NagyK. A., and CostaD. P.Am. J. Physiol. 238, 454, 1980.
5.
MacfarlaneW. V., and HowardB.Symp. zool. Soc. (London), 31, 261, 1972.
6.
KingJ. M.J. agric. Sci. (Camb.), 93, 71, 1979.
7.
McDowellR. E.‘Improvement of Livestock in Warm Climates', W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.1972.
8.
IngramD. L., and MountL. E.‘Man and Animals in Hot Environments'. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1975.
9.
MacfarlaneW. V. In: ‘Handbook of Physiology’ Section 4: 509–539. Ed. HillD. B.. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.1964.
10.
MacfarlaneW. V. In: ‘Adaptation of Domestic Animals', Ed. HafezE. S. E.. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. pp. 164–182. 1968.
11.
FinchV. A., and WesternD.Ecology, 58, 1384, 1977.
12.
EdneyE. B. In: ‘Arid Lands: A Geographical Appraisal’. Ed. HillsE. S.. Methuen, London. pp. 181–215. 1966.
13.
MountL. E.1979. ‘Adaptation to Thermal Environment. Man and his Productive Animals'. Arnold, London.
14.
Schmidt-NielsenK.‘Desert Animals: Physiological Problems of Heat and Water’, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1964.
15.
TaylorC. R., and LymanC. P.J. Physiol. Zool., 40, 280, 1967.
MaloiyG. M. D.Symp. zool. Soc. (London), 31, 243, 1972.
26.
WilsonR. T.‘The Camel’. Longmans, London. 1984.
27.
ShkolnikA., MaltzE., and ChoshniakI. In: Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants. Proceedings of the 5th Intl. Symp. on Ruminant Physiology. Ed. RuckebuschY. and ThivendP.MTP Press Ltd. 1980.
28.
BarrettM. A., and LarkinP. L.‘Milk and Beef Production in the Tropics'. Oxford University Press, England. 1974.
29.
ChoshniakI., and ShkolnikA.The rumen as a protective osmotic mechanism during rapid rehydration in the black Bedouin goat. In: Osmotic and Volume Regulation. Alfred Benzon Symposium XI. Munksgaard. 1978.
30.
SandfordS.Organization and management of water supplies in tropical Africa. Research report no. 8, ILCA, Addis Ababa. 1983.
31.
CossinsN.Pastoralism under pressure: A study of the Somali clans of the Jijiga area of Ethiopia. Unpublished report. ILCA, Addis Ababa. 1971.
32.
BloodD. C., and HendersonJ. A.‘Veterinary Medicine’. 4th edition. Balliere, Tindall and Cox, London. 1974.
33.
BrownG. D., and LynchJ. J.Aust. J. agric. Res. 23, 669, 1972.
34.
WeastR. C., SelbyS. M., and HodgmanC. D.‘Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'. Chemical Rubber Co., Ohio. 1965.
35.
LeeseA. S.‘A Treatise on the One-humped Camel in Health and Disease’. Haines & Sons, Stamford, England. 1927.
36.
FrenchM. H.E. Afr. agric. J. 21, 171, 1956a.
37.
HorrocksD., and PhillipsG. D.J. agric. Sci. (Camb.)56, 379, 1961.
38.
MacfarlaneW. V., and HowardB.J. agric. Sci. (Camb.), 66, 297, 1966.
39.
FourieP. C., GreyJ. H., and LouwG. N.The effect of high ambient temperature on the water metabolism of Afrikaner and shorthorn cattle. Proc. S. Afr. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1964.
40.
WilsonA. D.Austral. J. exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 7, 321, 1967.
41.
TanejaG. C.Ind. J. exp. Biol. 3, 259, 1965.
42.
MaresR. G.Br. vet. J. 110, 411, 1954.
43.
FieldC. R.Progress report for the first quarter of 1977. UNESCO-UNEP Arid Lands Project, Mount Kulal Field Station, Kenya. 1977.
44.
MacfarlaneW. V.Isotopes and the ecophysiology of tropical livestock. In: International Symposium on use of isotopes and radiation in agriculture and animal husbandry research, New Delhi. Vienna IAEA. pp. 805–827. 1971.
45.
HartB. T.A compilation of Australian water quality. Australian Water Resources Council Technical Paper No. 7, Canberra. 1974.
46.
EdwardsK. A., ClassenG. A., and SchrotenE. H. J.The water resource in tropical Africa and its exploitation. Research report no. 6, ILCA, Addis Ababa. 1983.
47.
SchoellerH. J.Geochemistry of groundwater. Supplement no. 3 to Groundwater studies. UNESCO Tech. Papes. Hydrol. 7. UNESCO, Paris. 1977.
48.
FrenchM. H.Emp. J. exp. Agric. 24, 128, 1956b.
49.
WeethH. J., and LesperanceA. L.1965. ‘Intermittent watering of growing beef heifers’. Unpublished paper, University of Nevada, Reno.
50.
PayneW. J. A.Qualitas Pl. Mater. Veg. 12, 269, 1965.
51.
SquiresV. R.Distance trailed to water and livestock response. In: Proc. 1st Int. Rangelands Congress. Ed. Hyder.D. N.Soc. for Range Mgt., Denver. pp. 431–434. 1978.
52.
ClassenG. A. In ‘Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa’. Eds: PrattD. J., and GwynneM. D.. Hodder and Stoughton, London. pp. 100–110. 1977.
53.
McDonaldP., EdwardsR. A., and GreenhalghJ. F. D.‘Animal Nutrition’. Longmans, London. 1975.
